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概率论与数理统计lec01TextbookandReferencesWhystudyprobabilityandstatistics?Whystudyprobabilityandstatistics?Whatdowedowhenfacedwithuncertainty?ExamplesExamples大家学习辛苦了,还是要坚持Designofanoff-shorewindturbinefatiguelifeisunknownmustdesigntotradeoffinitialcostswithlifetimeandreliabilityWhatisprobability?Whatisstatistics?Chapter1OverviewandDescriptiveStatisticsIntroductionStatisticalconceptsandmethodsarenotonlyusefulbutindeedoftenindispensableinunderstandingtheworldaroundus.Theyprovidewaysofgainingnewinsightsintothebehaviorofmanyphenomenathatyouwillencounterinyourchosenfieldofspecializationonengineeringorscience.Theprobability&statisticsisascienceofstudyingstatisticlawofrandomphenomena.Thisscienceisgeneratedfrom17thcentury,comesofgamblingandisappliedingambling.Butnowitisthefoundationofmanysciences,forexample,computerscience,informationscience,communicationengineering,controlscience,decisiontheory,gametheory,econometrics,etc.Thiscoursewillmainlyintroduceprobabilitybasicconceptsandstatisticsbasicmethodstostudents,includingtheConceptofProbability,RandomVariables,DistributionFunction,DensityFunction,Expectation,Variance,Independence,ConditionalProbability,SpecialDiscreteModels,SpecialContinuousModels,theConceptofStatistics,SamplingDistributions,ParameterEstimation,HypothesisTesting,andsoon.1.1Populations,Samples,andProcessesSample(样本)Asampleisasubsetofthepopulation.DataDataarethefactsandfiguresthatarecollected,analyzed,andsummarizedforpresentationandinterpretation.Together,thedatacollectedinaparticularstudyarereferredtoasthedatasetforthestudy.Table1.1showsadatasetcontainingfinancialinformationforsomecompanies,takenfromtheStockInvestorProdatabase.Elements,Variables,andObservationsTheelementsaretheentitiesonwhichdataarecollected.Forthedataintable1.1,eachcompanyisanelement.Avariableisacharacteristicofinterestfortheelements.x=genderofagraduatingengineery=numberofmajordefectsonanewlymanufacturedautomobilez=brakingdistanceofanautomobileunderspecifiedconditionsAunivariate(单变)datasetconsistsof