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Task-BasedLanguageTeachingTeachmeandIwillforget;学生最喜欢的课堂教学方式关于学生作业的调查Backgroundinformation什么是任务? Ataskisapieceofworkundertakenforoneselforforothers,freelyorforsomereward. Itismeantwhatpeopledoineverydaylife,atwork,atplay,andinbetween. (Long1985:89)Whatpeopledoineverydaylife:Ataskisanactivityoractionwhichiscarriedoutastheresultofprocessingorunderstandinglanguage(i.e.asaresponse). (Richards,PlattandWeber1986:289)Whatlearnersdowhentheyunderstand:Thecommunicativetaskisapieceofclassroomworkwhichinvolveslearnersincomprehending,manipulating,producingorinteractinginthetargetlanguagewhiletheirattentionisfocusedonmobilizingtheirgrammaticalknowledgeinordertoconveymeaningratherthantomanipulateform. DavidNunan(1989)Broadsenseandnarrowsenseofatask (广义任务和狭义任务)Taskvs.Exercise(任务与练习不同)例子:听一段有关从NewYork到Washington的火车时刻表的录音。2)广义任务:它区分任务为“交际任务(communicativetasks)”和“学习任务(enablingtasks)”“任务型”外语教学的特点Thecomponentsofatask: 目标(Goals) 信息输入(InputData) 语言信息(Verbaldata) 非语言信息(Non-verbaldata) 活动(Activities) 结果(Outcome) 语言结果(Verbaloutcome) 非语言结果(Non-verbaloutcome) Thecomponentsofatask: 目标(Goals) 信息输入(InputData) 语言信息(Verbaldata) 非语言信息(Non-verbaldata) 活动(Activities) 结果(Outcome) 语言结果(Verbaloutcome) 非语言结果(Non-verbaloutcome)Whataretasks?Whatarenottasks?Task:Fillintheform,thenwritesomething aboutthebusiestpersoninyourfamily.Task FindthelostpersonThreeprincipalphasesPre-taskphasePre-taskphase主题词表 主题思维图及任务型活动 Pre-taskphaseDuring-taskphaseTasktypesTasktypes大脑风暴图Brainstorming逻辑定义图五点梗概图顺序图compare(比较)实践比较shareexperience经历分享Thepost-taskphaseThepost-taskphase的四种主要活动教材中任务设计的原则:1、Theauthenticityprinciple言语、情境真实性原则 Thelinguisticdatathatlearnersworkwithareauthentic. Therelationshipbetweenlinguisticformandcommunicativefunctionarecleartothelearner. 任务的设计要提供给学习者明确、真实的语言信息。学习者应该清楚语言形式和语言功能之间的关系。使学习者在一种自然、真实或模拟真实的情境中体会语言、掌握语言的应用。2、Theform-functionprinciple形式-功能性原则3、Thetaskdependencyprinciple阶梯型任务原则4、Learningbydoing做中学原则教师在设计“任务型”教学活动时应注意的问题怎样设计任务