英语语言学复习资料.(XC).doc

英语语言学复习资料一：名词解释1.Language(语言)isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.Linguistics(语言学)isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.3.Generallinguistics(普通/一般语言学)Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.4.Phonetics(语音学)thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.5.Phonology(语音体系)howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.6.Morphology(形态学)thesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.7.Syntax(句法学)thenthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrules.Thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticstudiescalledsyntax.8.Semantics(语意学)thestudyofmeaningisknownassemantics.9.Pragmatics(语用学)whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolation,butinthecontextoflanguageuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics.10.Phone(音素)isaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.11.Phoneme(音位)isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.12.Allophones(音位变体)thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophones.13.IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标)It’sastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingoneletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagestorepresentonespeechsound.14.Diacritics(变音符)itisasetofsymbolswhichareaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutthefinerdistinctions.15.broadtranscription(宽式标音)oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.16.narrowtranscription(严式标音)theotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.17.openclasswords(开放类词)InEnglish,openclasswordsarenouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs.Wecanregularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses.18.closedclasswords(封闭类词)InEnglish,closedclasswordareconjunctions,prepositi