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英语语言学复习资料.(XC).doc

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英语语言学复习资料 一：名词解释 1.Language(语言)isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication. 2.Linguistics(语言学)isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage. 3.Generallinguistics(普通/一般语言学) Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics. 4.Phonetics(语音学)thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics. 5.Phonology(语音体系)howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication. 6.Morphology(形态学)thesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology. 7.Syntax(句法学)thenthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrules.Thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticstudiescalledsyntax. 8.Semantics(语意学)thestudyofmeaningisknownassemantics. 9.Pragmatics(语用学)whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolation,butinthecontextoflanguageuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics. 10.Phone(音素)isaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones. 11.Phoneme(音位)isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext. 12.Allophones(音位变体)thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophones. 13.IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标)It’sastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingoneletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagestorepresentonespeechsound. 14.Diacritics(变音符)itisasetofsymbolswhichareaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutthefinerdistinctions. 15.broadtranscription(宽式标音)oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly. 16.narrowtranscription(严式标音)theotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics. 17.openclasswords(开放类词)InEnglish,openclasswordsarenouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs.Wecanregularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses. 18.closedclasswords(封闭类词)InEnglish,closedclasswordareco