大学语言学基础 英语复习资料.pdf

Chapter1:1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?ThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagecanbecalledDesignFeatures.2.WhatisArbitrariness?Saussurefirstreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsigns(symbolforms)bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.3.Whatareonomatopoeiawords?Wordsthatsoundlikethesoundstheydescribe.4.Howdoyouunderstandofclauseslanguageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel?Theorderofelementsinasentencefollowscertainrules,andthereisacertaindegreeofcorrespondencebetweenthesequenceofclausesandtherealhappenings.5.Whatisduality?Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.(Lyons)6.Whatistheadvantageofduality?Itliesinthegreatproductivepowerourlanguageisendowedwith.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeendlessnumberofsentences,whichinturncanformunlimitednumberoftexts.7.Howdoyouunderstandlanguageisasystem?Intermsofinternalstructure,languageishierarchical.Thereare6level.Speechsounds,morpheme,word,phrase,sentence,text.8.Whatiscreativity?Bycreativitywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.(ChomskyNoam).Therecursivenessreferstothepotentialoflanguagetocreateendlesssentences.9.Whatisdisplacement?Displacementmeansthathumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.10.Whatisthebenefitofdisplacement?Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandlegeneralizationandabstractions.11.Whatarethe3theoryconcerningtotheoriginoflanguage?First,thedivineorigintheory:LanguageiscreatedbyGod.Second,theinventiontheory:Languageiscreatedbyman.(Thebow-wowtheory拟声说theevidenceisonomatopoeicwords.Thepooh-poohtheory感叹说theevidenceisinterjectionsTheyo-ho-yotheory劳动喊声说somerhythmicgrunt.)Third,theevolutionarytheory:whenmeninvolvedinacertaindegree,theyhavethecognitiveability.Therearetwobasices:Psychicalbasic(