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形合意合与翻译(改写).ppt

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Outline 1HypotaxisandParataxis 2TwoWaysofForminganEnglishSentence 3MajorDifferencesinStructure 4SentenceCombination 1WhatareHypotaxisandParataxis? Ingeneral,hypotaxisisharmonyinform,andparataxisisharmonyinmeaning. 1.1Thedefinitionofhypotaxis Hypotaxisisthegrammaticalarrangementoffunctionallysimilarbut"unequal"constructs(hypo="beneath",taxis="arrangement"),i.e.,constructsplayinganunequalroleinasentence.Acommonexampleofsyntacticexpressionofhypotaxisissubordinationinacomplexsentence. 1.2Thedefinitionofparataxis Parataxisisawayofwritingorspeakingthatfavorsshort,simplesentences,withtheuseofcoordinatingratherthansubordinatingconjunctions.(fromGreekfor“actofplacingsidebyside”;Para=beside+tassein=arrange).Itisaliterarytechnique,contrastedwithhypotaxis. 1.3Thethreedevicestoformasentence Wordsareconnectedinthreewaystoformasentence:syntacticaldevices,lexicaldevicesandsemanticdevices.Syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicespertaintohypotaxis,andsemanticdevicespertaintoparataxis. 2TwoWaysofFormingEnglishSentences Coordination（并列）andsubordination（从属）arewaysofcombiningwords,phrases,andclausesintomorecomplexforms.Thediscussionbelowexaminescoordinationandsubordinationofclauses. 2.1Coordination（并列） CoordinationofsentencesisagrammaticalstrategythattheideasintwoormoreINDEPENDENTCLAUSESareequivalentorbalanced.Coordinationcanproduceharmonybybringingrelatedelementstogether. Coordinationusescoordinatingconjunctions(centralcoordinatorsareand,but,andor)（只有以上三个常用的并列连词）orpunctuation(mainlysemicolon分号)tocombineshortindependentclausesintoasinglesentence.2.2Subordination（从属） Subordinationisagrammaticalstrategythatoneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotherideainthesamesentence.Tousesubordination,youplacethemoreimportantideainanINDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclause)andthelessimportant(thesubordinate)ideainaDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclauseornon-finiteclause). Subordinationusessubordinatingconjunctions（从属连词）(conjunctivepronouns,conjunctiveadverbs,relativepronouns,relativeadverbs)(e.g.that,who,what,which,when,