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Contrastivelinguistics英汉对比研究概念.doc

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Contrastivelinguistics对比语言学 abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestwoormorelanguagessynchronically,withtheaimsofdiscoveringtheirdifferencesandsimilarities(especiallytheformer)andapplyingthesefindingstorelatedareasofstudy. Particularattentionshouldbepaidtosimilarityonsurfacebutdifferenceinnature. Contrastivelinguisticsisalsoknownas“contrastiveanalysis”(CA)or“contrastivestudies”.Thesethreetermsarelargelyinterchangeable. alinguisticsystem ismadeupofmanylayersorlevels.Theselayersorlevelsareoftenconsideredtoformascaleorhierarchyfromlowerlevelscontainingthesmallestlinguisticunitstohigherlevelscontaininglargerlinguisticunits.Sowehave,fromthelowesttothehighest,suchlevelsasphoneticlevel,phonologicallevel,morphemiclevel,lexicallevel,syntacticlevel,textuallevelandpragmaticlevel. Featuresofthetwotypes TheoreticalContrastiveStudy .Itislanguageindependent. .Itlooksforuniversalcategoriesinlanguages. AppliedContrastiveStudy Itislanguagedependent. Itispartofappliedlinguistics. Themajortaskofitistoidentifyprobableareasofdifficulty. PsychologicalbaseofCAisbehaviorismwhichwasintroducedbyskinnerwhichviewedfirstlanguageacquisitionastheformationofnewhabitsacquiredthroughrepetitionandstrengthenedbythereinforcementofcorrectresponses. LinguisticbaseofCAisstructurallinguisticswhichbelievedthatfirstlearningmayinterferesecondlearning. tertiumcomparationis(TC)共同对比基础/第三对比项/中间对比项 TC:athirdthingrelatedinsomewaytotwothings:sth.intermediatebetweentwothings–criterionforcomparison; commonbasisonwhichcomparisoncanbemade; presupposedsimilaritybetweenlanguagesagainstwhichdifferencescanbemeaningfullystated. Asyntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”人工语言 Derivationgenerallybringsaboutthreetypesofchanges:changesinwordform,inpartofspeech(wordclass),andinmeaning.派生 Affixation:addprefixandsuffixtoaroot附加 Reduplication:doublepartoforallofaroot加倍，重复 Modification1)vowelchange2)suppletion(totalmodification)3)stresschange4)tonalmodification修改 Affixd