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建筑工程专业英语-吴承霞-ppt1.ppt

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Lesson1 BuildingEngineeringTypesofBuildingsAbuildingiscloselyboundupwithpeople,foritprovidespeoplewiththenecessary,spacetoworkandlivein. Asclassifiedbytheiruse，buildingsaremainlyoftwotypes:industrialbuildingsandcivilbuildings(Fig1.1).Industrialbuildingsareusedbyvariousfactoriesorindustrialproductionwhilecivilbuildingsarethosethatareusedbypeoplefordwelling，employment，educationandothersocialactivities[1].1-column,2-foundation,3-rooftruss,4-roofslab,5-cornercolumn,6-windresistancecolumn,7-gablewall,8-windows,9-plinth,10-apron,1-foundation,2-step,3-canopy,4-apron,5-plinth,6-window,7-basement,8-floor,9-stairs,10-internallongitudinalwall,11-internaltransversewall,12-partition,13-externalwall,14-drainpipe,15-wateroutlet,16-overhangeaves,17-roof,18-parapet,19-doorAsclassifiedbytheirstructuraltypes,buildingsaremainlyoffourtypes:framestructures(Fig1.2a)whereaframe,orskeleton,holdsuptheweightandothermaterialsareusedtoclosethebuildingup;masswalltypes(Fig1.2b),wheresolidmaterialssuchasbrick,concreteandothertypesofmasonryareusedtobuildheavywallsthatholdupthebuilding;mixedbearingstructureiscomposedofframestructureandbearingwallsupportingalltheweighttogether;spacestructureformedbyreinforcedconcreteandsteelsupporttheloads,forexample,trussstructure,cablestructure,shellstructureetc.StructureofbuildingsConsideringonlytheengineeringessentials,thestructureofabuildingcanbedefinedastheassemblageofthosepartswhichexistforthepurposeofmaintainingshapeandstability[2].Itsprimarypurposeistoresistanyloadsappliedtothebuildingandtotransmitthosetotheground.Classificationoftheloadswithrespecttothevariationtimeoftheirintensity:(1)Deadloadsactonthestructureforthewholeofitslifewithnegligiblevariationsofintensity;(2)Liveloadsactonthestructurewithinstantaneousvalueswhichcanbenoticeablydifferentfromeachother(Fig1.3).(3)Exceptionalloadsarethoseloadswhichareveryunlikelytoactonthestructure,suchasthosedueto:collision,explosions,fires,earthquakesinnon-seismicareas.Structuralmembers Structureofbuildingsiscombined