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1Highcontextculture(高语境文化): Culturesinwhichlesshastobesaidorwrittenbecausemoreofthemeaningisinthephysical environmentoralreadysharedbypeoplearelabeledhigh(在高语境文化中,context.在人们交际时, 有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中,或者内化于交际者的心中;相对地讲,明 显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味着,在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为 敏感。) Lowcontextculture(低语境文化): Culturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythecontextbecausethemessageisencodedin theexplicitcodearelabeledlowcontext.(在低语境文化中,交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部 分由显性的语码负载,相对地讲,只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着, 在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。) 2GeneralIntroductiontoHigh-contextandLow-contextCultures AnthropologistEdwardT.Hall’stheoryofhigh-andlow-contextculturehelpsusbetterunderstandthe powerfuleffectculturehasoncommunication.Akeyfactorinhistheoryiscontext.Thisrelatestothe framework,background,andsurroundingcircumstancesinwhichcommunicationoraneventtakes place. High-contextcultures(includingmuchoftheMiddleEast,Asia,Africa,andSouthAmerica)are relational,collectivist,intuitive,andcontemplative.Thismeansthatpeopleinthesecultures emphasizeinterpersonalrelationships.Developingtrustisanimportantfirststeptoanybusiness transaction.AccordingtoHall,theseculturesarecollectivist,preferringgroupharmonyandconsensus toindividualachievement.Andpeopleintheseculturesarelessgovernedbyreasonthanbyintuition orfeelings.Wordsarenotsoimportantascontext,whichmightincludethespeaker’stoneofvoice, facialexpression,gestures,—andpostureeventheperson’sfamilyhistoryandstatus. AJapanesemanagerexplainedhisculture’scommunicationstyletoanAmerican:―Wearea homogeneouspeopleanddon’thavetospeakasmuchasyoudohere.Whenneword,wesayweo understandten,buthereyouhavetosaytentounderstandone.High-contextcommunicationtendsto bemoreindirectandmoreformal.Flowerylanguage,humility,andelaborateapologiesaretypical. Low-contextcultures(includingNorthAmericaandmuchofWesternEurope)arelogical,linear, individualistic,andaction-oriented.Peoplefromlow-contextculturesvaluelogic,facts,anddirectness. Solvingaproblemmeansliningupthefactsandevaluatingoneafteranother.