高低语境-跨文化交际.doc

1Highcontextculture（高语境文化）：Culturesinwhichlesshastobesaidorwrittenbecausemoreofthemeaningisinthephysicalenvironmentoralreadysharedbypeoplearelabeledhighcontext.（在高语境文化中，在人们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中，或者内化于交际者的心中；相对地讲，明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味着，在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。）2Lowcontextculture（低语境文化）：Culturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythecontextbecausethemessageisencodedintheexplicitcodearelabeledlowcontext.（在低语境文化中，交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着，在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。）3GeneralIntroductiontoHigh-contextandLow-contextCulturesAnthropologistEdwardT.Hall’stheoryofhigh-andlow-contextculturehelpsusbetterunderstandthepowerfuleffectculturehasoncommunication.Akeyfactorinhistheoryiscontext.Thisrelatestotheframework,background,andsurroundingcircumstancesinwhichcommunicationoraneventtakesplace.High-contextcultures(includingmuchoftheMiddleEast,Asia,Africa,andSouthAmerica)arerelational,collectivist,intuitive,andcontemplative.Thismeansthatpeopleintheseculturesemphasizeinterpersonalrelationships.Developingtrustisanimportantfirststeptoanybusinesstransaction.AccordingtoHall,theseculturesarecollectivist,preferringgroupharmonyandconsensustoindividualachievement.Andpeopleintheseculturesarelessgovernedbyreasonthanbyintuitionorfeelings.Wordsarenotsoimportantascontext,whichmightincludethespeaker’stoneofvoice,facialexpression,gestures,posture—andeventheperson’sfamilyhistoryandstatus.AJapanesemanagerexplainedhisculture’scommunicationstyletoanAmerican:―Weareahomogeneouspeopleanddon’thavetospeakasmuchasyoudohere.Whenwesayoneword,weunderstandten,buthereyouhavetosaytentounderstandone.High-contextcommunicationtendstobemoreindirectandmoreformal.Flowerylanguage,humility,andelaborateapologiesaretypical.Low-contextcultures(includingNorthAmericaandmuchofWesternEurope)arelogical,linear,individualistic,andaction-oriented.Peoplefromlow-contextculturesvaluelogic,facts,anddirectness.Solvingaproblemmeansliningupthefactsandevaluatingoneafteranother.Decisionsarebasedonfactratherthan