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跨文化交际期末.doc

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定义题1.Whatis“interculturalmunication”?P6refertomunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheirmunicationevent.TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletomunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytomunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalmunication."Whatisaculture?P13Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.Culture:canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.Culture:alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeopleWhatarestereotypes?P13Stereotypesmeansverybroadgeneralizationssuchas“Britishpeoplearepolite,”“Americansarefriendly”,andsoforth.Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbeefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow,andtheygiveusthemistakenideathatapeople’sculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture.Whatdoes“interpretation”means?P24Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalmunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Forexample,whenXiaoLitriestounderstandwhythetaxidriveraskedforsomuchmoney,sheis“interpreting”hisbehavior.Individualistp32Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedw