【大二英语】【中国文化概况】中国文化概况期末考试复习资料.pdf

Chapter1AGeneralIntroductiontoChineseCultureWordsandExpressions:thedescendantsofYanandHuang炎黄子孙porcelain瓷器TheappellationofChinaChinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuangandEmperorYan,who,togetherwiththeirtribes,inhabitedthedrainageareaalongthemiddlereaches（中游）oftheYellowRiver.BythetimeofXiaDynasty,aftercenturiesoflivingsidebyside,thesetwotribeshadgraduallymergedinto（合并，融合）one.Consequently,theChinesepeopleusuallycallthemselves“thedescendantsofanYandHuang”.Peopleatthattimebelievedthatthelandtheylivedonwasthecenteroftheworld,andcalledtheirstatethe"MiddleKingdom"(中国),thusgivingChinaitscountryname.Chinaistheappellationofourcountrygivenbyforeigners.TheporcelainchinaisthetransliterationoftheplacenameChangnan(昌南),whichwastheoldnameforJingdezhen（景德镇）.TheporcelainmadeinChangnanwassmoothandbright,andearnedanothernameofartificialjade.ItbecamefamousbothhomeandabroadandwasexportedtoEuropeinlargequantities.InEurope,peopleregardedChangnanporcelainassomethingpreciousanddelicateandwouldtakeprideinpossessingone.Astimepassed,peopleinEuropeforgotthemeaningofChangnanandswitchedtheoriginalmeaningofporcelainoftheword“china”totheplaceofitsorigin.Chapter2ChinesePhilosophyandReligionPart1ChineseThoughtsandPhilosophyWordsandExpressions:Confucianism儒家Taoism道家TheAnalects《论语》benevolence仁慈，善行ritual礼制，仪式，惯例filialpiety孝，孝心TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophyThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty(两汉经学)MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJindynasties(魏晋玄学)ThebuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynasties(隋唐佛学)Neo-confucianisminSongandMingdynasties(宋明理学)ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynasties(明清实学)ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimeswasmarkedbytheemergenceofvariousancientphilosophicalviews.ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism(儒家),Taoism(道家),Mohism(墨家)andLegalism(法家)1.ConfucianismConfucianismisaschoolofthoughtrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius.ConfucianismhasinfluencedtheChineseforthousandsofyearsandisdeeplyrootedinChinesecultur