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新编简明英语语言学教程省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

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戴炜栋，何兆熊，《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社。胡壮麟，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社。刘润清，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社。15%Attendance35%AssignmentandPresentation50%ExaminationTheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds—soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.PhoneticsPhonologyDefinitionOrgansofSpeechClassificationofEnglishSpeechSoundsAbranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Articulatoryphonetics—fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”Auditoryphonetics—fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”Acousticphonetics—fromthephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.LipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar[æl'vɪələ])Hardpalate['pælət]Softpalate(velum['vɪːləm])Uvula/ˈjuːvjʊlə/TipoftongueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcordsPharyngealcavityNasalcavityAstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.Broadtranscription—usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clear[l],[pit]Narrowtranscription—usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.dark[l],aspirated[p]Englishspeechsounds:VowelsConsonantsIntheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.Englishconsonantsclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:ThemannerofarticulationTheplaceofarticulation1.Stops/Plosives-sixburstsorexplosivesoundsproducedbycompleteclosureofthevocaltractfollowedbyarapidreleaseoftheclosure.2.Fricatives-ninefricatives-weakorstrongfrictionnoisesproducedwhenthearticulatorsarecloseenoughtogethertocauseturbulenceintheairflow.3.Affricates-twoaffricates-plosivesreleasedwithfrication.4.Nasals-threenasalsinwhichtheairflowisblockedcompletelyatsomepointintheoraltract,butinwhichtheloweringofthevelumallowsaweakflowofenergytopassthroughthenose.5.Appro