医学论文引言如何写专家讲座.pptx

引言一、引言写作关键点一、引言写作关键点一、引言写作关键点一、引言写作关键点一、引言写作关键点一、引言写作关键点一、引言写作关键点二、结果论著引言（1）二、结果论著引言（1）二、结果论著引言（1）IntroductionItiswellknownthathistamineactsasaneurotransmitterandneuromodulatorintheperipheralandcentralnervoussystems(Panulaetal.,1984;Watanabeetal.,1984;Schwartzetal.,1991).Intheperipheralsystem,histamineplaysanimportantroleinvariousallergies,suchasasthma,rhinitis,andatopicdermatitis(Hill,1990).Ontheotherhand,thehistaminergicneuronsystemseemstobeinvolvedinmanyphysiologicalandbehavioralfunctionsthroughH1,H2,andH3receptorsincludingthesleep–wakecycle,emotion,appetitecontrol,locomotoractivity,stress-relatedbehavior,neuroendocrineinteractions,learning,andmemory(Schwartzetal.,1991;Leursetal.,1998;Brownetal.,).HistamineH3receptorantagonists,whichareabletopenetrateblood–brainbarrier,havebeenreportedtobeeffectiveinthetreatmentofneuronaldiseases,suchascognitivedeficit,attentiondeficit,hyperactivitydisorder,narcolepsy,andepilepsy(Starketal.,1996;Leursetal.,1998;Tozer&Kalindjian,).Carcinine(b-alanylhistamine)isanimidazoledipeptidefirstdiscoveredinthecrustaceanCarcinusmaenas(Arnould&Frentz,1975),andhassubsequentlybeenfoundintheheartsofseveralmammalianspecies(Brotmanetal.1989;1990).Ithasbeendemonstratedthatcarcinineismetabolicallyrelatedtohistamine,histidine,andcarnosine(b-alanylhistidine),andcouldbesynthesizedfromhistamineandb-alanine(Flancbaumetal.,1990).Inaddition,previousstudieshaveshownthatcarcininecontainsanimidazolegroupwithflexibleethylenesidechainknowntobeimportantforhistamineH3receptor–ligandinteractions(Alietal.,1999;Tedfordetal.,1999;Yatesetal.,1999;Tozer&Kalindjian,).Fromthesefindings,itseemsthatacertainrelationshipexistsbetweenbrainhistamineandcarcinine,andthatcarcininemightbeanewhistamineH3receptorantagonist.However,onlyfewreportshaveexploredthisrelationshipandlittleisknownaboutthepharmacologicalandphysiologicalroleofcarcinine.Inoneofthosereports,carcininewasshowntoactasanaturalantioxidant(Babizhayevetal.,1994)andtoplayaroleinregulatingstressandshockwitha1000-foldless