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医学论文引言如何写.pptx

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会计学一、引言的写作要点一、引言的写作要点一、引言的写作要点一、引言的写作要点一、引言的写作要点一、引言的写作要点一、引言的写作要点二、结果论著的引言（1）二、结果论著的引言（1）二、结果论著的引言（1）Introduction Itiswellknownthathistamineactsasaneurotransmitterandneuromodulatorintheperipheralandcentralnervoussystems(Panulaetal.,1984;Watanabeetal.,1984;Schwartzetal.,1991).Intheperipheralsystem,histamineplaysanimportantroleinvariousallergies,suchasasthma,rhinitis,andatopicdermatitis(Hill,1990).Ontheotherhand,thehistaminergicneuronsystemseemstobeinvolvedinmanyphysiologicalandbehavioralfunctionsthroughH1,H2,andH3receptorsincludingthesleep–wakecycle,emotion,appetitecontrol,locomotoractivity,stress-relatedbehavior,neuroendocrineinteractions,learning,andmemory(Schwartzetal.,1991;Leursetal.,1998;Brownetal.,2001).HistamineH3receptorantagonists,whichareabletopenetrateblood–brainbarrier,havebeenreportedtobeeffectiveinthetreatmentofneuronaldiseases,suchascognitivedeficit,attentiondeficit,hyperactivitydisorder,narcolepsy,andepilepsy(Starketal.,1996;Leursetal.,1998;Tozer&Kalindjian,2000). Carcinine(b-alanylhistamine)isanimidazoledipeptidefirstdiscoveredinthecrustaceanCarcinusmaenas(Arnould&Frentz,1975),andhassubsequentlybeenfoundintheheartsofseveralmammalianspecies(Brotmanetal.1989;1990).Ithasbeendemonstratedthatcarcinineismetabolicallyrelatedtohistamine,histidine,andcarnosine(b-alanylhistidine),andcouldbesynthesizedfromhistamineandb-alanine(Flancbaumetal.,1990).Inaddition,previousstudieshaveshownthatcarcininecontainsanimidazolegroupwithflexibleethylenesidechainknowntobeimportantforhistamineH3receptor–ligandinteractions(Alietal.,1999;Tedfordetal.,1999;Yatesetal.,1999;Tozer&Kalindjian,2000).Fromthesefindings,itseemsthatacertainrelationshipexistsbetweenbrainhistamineandcarcinine,andthatcarcininemightbeanewhistamineH3receptorantagonist.However,onlyfewreportshaveexploredthisrelationshipandlittleisknownaboutthepharmacologicalandphysiologicalroleofcarcinine. Inoneofthosereports,carcininewasshowntoactasanatural antioxidant(Babizhayevetal.,1994)andtoplayarolein regulatingstressandsh