预览加载中，请您耐心等待几秒...

Utilitarianismethics.docx

预览
1/7
2/7
3/7
4/7
5/7
6/7
7/7

在线预览结束，喜欢就下载吧，查找使用更方便

下载提示 文本预览

如果您无法下载资料，请参考说明：

1、部分资料下载需要金币，请确保您的账户上有足够的金币

2、已购买过的文档，再次下载不重复扣费

3、资料包下载后请先用软件解压，在使用对应软件打开

UtilitarianismEthicsInMicrofinance Utilitarianismisaconsequentialistmoraltheory,whichfocusonmaximizingtheoverallutilitytodeterminewhetheranactionorapolicyetc.isgoodorbad,rightorwrong(Stephen,2016).Itsevaluativeprincipleisbasedondoingwhatproducesthebestconsequences.Besides,ithasfourelementsfeature:consequentialism;hedonism;maximalism;universalism.UnderBentham’sview,utilitarianismisevaluatedbyqualityoutcomeofcalculatingthepleasureofthepartywhoseinterestispursued(Bentham,1879).Therearetwotypesofutilitarianethics,actutilitarianismandruleutilitarianism.Thekeydifferencebetweenthemisthatactutilitariansapplytheutilitarianprincipledirectlytotheevaluationofindividualactions,whileruleutilitariansapplytheutilitarianprincipledirectlytotheevaluationofrulesandthenevaluateindividualactionsbyseeingiftheyobeyordisobeythoseruleswhoseacceptancewillproducethemostutility(Stephen,2016). Microfinanceinstitutionsprovidesfinancialserviceaswellasnon-financialservicetothepoor,wheretraditionalmarketfailstoprovidesappropriateservices,aspoorpeoplehavenocreditrecordsornocollates(SomervilleandWood,2012).Financialservicesincludeloans,savings,insurancetothepoor(CGAP,2011),whilenon-financialservicesmaycontainbusinesstraining,developmentconsulting,healthandeducationalservices,andsocialservicessuchasthepromotionofwomen’sempowermenttoimpoverishedindividuals(Cheston&Kuhn,2002;Karlan&Valdivia,2011).Allthesewillhelplow-incomepeopleovercometemporalfinancialdifficulties,aswellasteachthemfinancialandriskmanagementtoimprovetheirqualityofliving. Someactivitiesofmicrofinanceinstitutionsfollowtheprincipleofutilitarianethics.Forexample,inAustralia,microfinanceinstitutionshaveNoInterestLoansScheme(NILS)toprovidenoandlowinterestloanstothepoor,whoneedsafeandfairaccesstocreditthattheycanafford.Theseloansaregenerallybetween$800and$1,200.Meanwhile,applicantsmusthaveahealthcarecardorpensioncardtobeeligibleandmustalsobewillingandabletorepaytheloanwithin12or18months(DepartmentofSocialService,2015).Theseloansfocusontheresul