研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3(精品文档)-共16页.pdf

RatsandMen
"Insoluble"Problems

ProfessorN.R.F.MaieroftheUniversityofMichigan
performedaseriesofexperimentsseveralyearsagoinwhich
"neurosis"isinducedinrats.Theratsarefirsttrainedtojump
offtheedgeofaplatformatoneoftwodoors.Iftheratjumpsto
theright,thedoorholdsfast,anditbumpsitsnoseandfallsinto
anet;ifitjumpstotheleft,thedooropens,andtheratfindsa
dishoffood.Whentheratsarewelltrainedtothisreaction,the
situationischanged.Thefoodisputbehindtheotherdoor,so
thatinordertogettheirrewardtheynowhavetojumptothe
rightinsteadoftotheleft.(Otherchanges,suchasmarkingthe
twodoorsindifferentways,mayalsobeintroducedbythe
experimenter.)Iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,so
thateachtimeitjumpsitneverknowswhetheritisgoingtoget
foodorbumpitsnose,itfinallygivesupandrefusestojumpat
all.Atthisstage,Dr.Maiersays,"Manyratsprefertostarve
ratherthanmakeachoice."
密执安大学的N.R.F.麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以
诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。首先训练鼠由平台
边缘跳向两个门中的一个。如果鼠向右跳，右门是碰不开

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的，那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进网里；如果鼠向左跳，左门
就打开，鼠就会找到一碟食物。在鼠已很熟悉这一反应时，
就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后，这样鼠要想得到

犒赏就不能向左跳，而要向右跳了。(实验者也可采用其他
变化形式，比如用不同的方式标记两个门。)如果鼠弄不懂
新规则，它每次跳时决不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻子。

最终它就会放弃，拒绝再跳。到这一步，麦耶博士说：“
许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再做选择。”

Next,theratsareforcedtomakeachoice,beingdrivento
itbyblastsofairoranelectricshock."Animalswhichare
inducedtorespondintheinsolubleproblemsituation,"saysDr.
Maier,"settledowntoaspecificreaction(suchasjumping
solelyatthelefthanddoor)whichtheycontinuetoexecute
regardlessofconsequences....Theresponsechosenunderthese
conditionsbecomesfixated....Oncethefixationappears,the
animalisincapableoflearninganadaptiveresponseinthis
situation."Whenareactiontotheleft-handdooristhusfixated,
theright-handdoormaybeleftopensothatthefoodisplainly
visible.Yettherat,whenpushed,continuestojumptotheleft,
becomingmorepanickyeachtime.Whentheexperimenter
persistsinforcingtherattomakechoices,itmaygointo
convulsions,racingaroundwildly,injuringitsclaws,bumping

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intochairsandtables,thengoingintoastateofviolent
trembling,untilitfallsintoacoma.Inthisp