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RatsandMen "Insoluble"Problems ProfessorN.R.F.MaieroftheUniversityofMichigan performedaseriesofexperimentsseveralyearsagoinwhich "neurosis"isinducedinrats.Theratsarefirsttrainedtojump offtheedgeofaplatformatoneoftwodoors.Iftheratjumpsto theright,thedoorholdsfast,anditbumpsitsnoseandfallsinto anet;ifitjumpstotheleft,thedooropens,andtheratfindsa dishoffood.Whentheratsarewelltrainedtothisreaction,the situationischanged.Thefoodisputbehindtheotherdoor,so thatinordertogettheirrewardtheynowhavetojumptothe rightinsteadoftotheleft.(Otherchanges,suchasmarkingthe twodoorsindifferentways,mayalsobeintroducedbythe experimenter.)Iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,so thateachtimeitjumpsitneverknowswhetheritisgoingtoget foodorbumpitsnose,itfinallygivesupandrefusestojumpat all.Atthisstage,Dr.Maiersays,"Manyratsprefertostarve ratherthanmakeachoice." 密执安大学的N.R.F.麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以 诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。首先训练鼠由平台 边缘跳向两个门中的一个。如果鼠向右跳,右门是碰不开 本文档下载后根据实际情况可编辑修改使用 的,那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进网里;如果鼠向左跳,左门 就打开,鼠就会找到一碟食物。在鼠已很熟悉这一反应时, 就改变情况:把食物放在另外一扇门后,这样鼠要想得到 犒赏就不能向左跳,而要向右跳了。(实验者也可采用其他 变化形式,比如用不同的方式标记两个门。)如果鼠弄不懂 新规则,它每次跳时决不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻子。 最终它就会放弃,拒绝再跳。到这一步,麦耶博士说:“ 许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再做选择。” Next,theratsareforcedtomakeachoice,beingdrivento itbyblastsofairoranelectricshock."Animalswhichare inducedtorespondintheinsolubleproblemsituation,"saysDr. Maier,"settledowntoaspecificreaction(suchasjumping solelyatthelefthanddoor)whichtheycontinuetoexecute regardlessofconsequences....Theresponsechosenunderthese conditionsbecomesfixated....Oncethefixationappears,the animalisincapableoflearninganadaptiveresponseinthis situation."Whenareactiontotheleft-handdooristhusfixated, theright-handdoormaybeleftopensothatthefoodisplainly visible.Yettherat,whenpushed,continuestojumptotheleft, becomingmorepanickyeachtime.Whentheexperimenter persistsinforcingtherattomakechoices,itmaygointo convulsions,racingaroundwildly,injuringitsclaws,bumping 本文档下载后根据实际情况可编辑修改使用 intochairsandtables,thengoingintoastateofviolent trembling,untilitfallsintoacoma.Inthisp