研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3.pdf

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3--

RatsandMen

ProfessorN.R.F.MaieroftheUniversityofMichigan
performedaseriesofexperimentsseveralyearsagoinwhich
inducedinrats.Theratsarefirsttrainedtojump
offtheedgeofaplatformatoneoftwodoors.Iftheratjumpsto
theright,thedoorholdsfast,anditbumpsitsnoseandfallsinto
anet;ifitjumpstotheleft,thedooropens,andtheratfindsa
dishoffood.Whentheratsarewelltrainedtothisreaction,the
situationischanged.Thefoodisputbehindtheotherdoor,so
thatinordertogettheirrewardtheynowhavetojumptothe
rightinsteadoftotheleft.(Otherchanges,suchasmarkingthe
twodoorsindifferentways,mayalsobeintroducedbythe
experimenter.)Iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,so
thateachtimeitjumpsitneverknowswhetheritisgoingtoget
foodorbumpitsnose,itfinallygivesupandrefusestojumpat
all.Atthisstage,Dr.Maiersays,ratsprefertostarve

密执安大学的N.R.F.麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以
诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。首先训练鼠由平台边
缘跳向两个门中的一个。如果鼠向右跳，右门是碰不开的，

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3--
研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3--

那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进网里；如果鼠向左跳，左门就打开，
鼠就会找到一碟食物。在鼠已很熟悉这一反应时，就改变情
况：把食物放在另外一扇门后，这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能
向左跳，而要向右跳了。(实验者也可采用其他变化形式，
比如用不同的方式标记两个门。)如果鼠弄不懂新规则，它
每次跳时决不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻子。最终它就会放
弃，拒绝再跳。到这一步，麦耶博士说：“许多鼠宁愿挨饿
也不再做选择。”

Next,theratsareforcedtomakeachoice,beingdrivento
itbyblastsofairoranelectricshock.whichare

Maier,settledowntoaspecificreaction(suchasjumping
solelyatthelefthanddoor)whichtheycontinuetoexecute
regardlessofconsequences....Theresponsechosenunderthese
conditionsbecomesfixated....Oncethefixationappears,the
animalisincapableoflearninganadaptiveresponseinthis

theright-handdoormaybeleftopensothatthefoodisplainly
visible.Yettherat,whenpushed,continuestojumptotheleft,
becomingmorepanickyeachtime.Whentheexperimenter
persistsinforcingtherattomakechoices,itmaygointo
convulsions,racingaroundwildly,injuringitsclaws,bumping

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3--
研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3--

intochairsandtables,thengoingintoastateofviolent
trembling,untilitfallsintoacoma.Inthispassivestate,it
refusestoeat,refusestotakeanyinterestinanything:itcanbe
rolledupin