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CharlesDickens(1812—1870)Utilitarianismistheideathatthemoralworthofanactionisdeterminedsolelybyitsutilityinprovidinghappinessorpleasureassummedamongallsentientbeings.Itisthusaformofconsequentialism(效果论),meaningthatthemoralworthofanactionisdeterminedbyitsoutcome.ThemostinfluentialcontributorstothisideologywereJeremyBenthamandJohnStuartMill.(1812—1870)Portsmouth, HampshirechildlaborHisLifeHisLifePoets’Corner atWestminsterAbbeyMarriedLifeandFamilyBy1857,theDickens'marriagewasallegedlyalovelessonewhenhemettheblondeandattractive18-year-oldShakespeareanactress,EllenTernan.Hewas45.SketchesbyBoz1836《博兹特写集》 PickwickPapers1836《匹克威克外传》 NickolasNickleby1839《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》 OliverTwist1839《雾都孤儿》 TheOldCuriosityShop1841《老古玩店》 AmericanNotes1842《美国纪行》 BarnabyRudge1841《巴纳比·拉奇》 AChristmasCarol1843《圣诞颂歌》 MartinChuzzlewitt1843《马丁·翟述伟》TheChimes1844《教堂钟声》 TheCricketontheHearth1845《灶上蟋蟀》 DombeyandSon1849《董贝父子》 DavidCopperfield1850《大卫·科波菲尔》 BleakHouse1853《荒凉山庄》 HardTimes1854《艰难时世》 LittleDorritt1857《小杜丽》 ATaleofTwoCities1859《双城记》 GreatExpectations1861《远大前程》 OurMutualFriend1865《我们共同的朋友》 TheMysteryofEdwinDrood1870《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》14MajorThemesinDickens’fictionThemesDickens’artistictechnique:best-knownworks1833-1841,Thefirstperiod,youthfuloptimism 1836SketchesbyBoz 1836-37ThePickwickPapers 1837-38OliverTwist 1838-39NicholasNickleby 1840-41TheOldCuriosityShop 1841BarnabyRudge1842-1850,Thesecondperiod excitementandirritationBleakHouse1853 2)HardTimes1854 3)LittleDorrit1857 4)ATaleofTwoCities1859 5)GreatExpectations1861 6)OurMutualFriend1865 7)EdwinDrood(unfinished)1870 Dickens'novelsofferamostcompleteandrealisticpictureoftheEnglishbourgeoissocietyofhisage.Whilecriticizingtherich,Dickenspresentedapictureofthepeople'ssufferingundercapitalism.ThedecayingpettybourgeoisieandtherisingworkingclassweredepictedbyDickensasvictimsofcapitalistgreedandexploitation.Dickens'worksareareflectionoftheprotestofthepeopleagainstcapitalistexploitation.Hesawthecontradictionsofcapitalistsociety.YetDickenswashimself