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Penicilliumchrysogenum.doc

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Penicilliumchrysogenum Penicilliumchrysogenum(alsoknownasPenicilliumnotatum)isthesourceforpenicillin,thefirstantibiotic.Penicillinworksagainstgram-positivebacteria,suchasStaphylococcusandPneumococcusbydisruptingbacterialcellwallsynthesis--crosslinkingofthepeptidoglycanpolymersispreventedbyinhibitionoftheenzymetranspeptidaase,causingthemalformedcellswallstotakeonexcesswater,whichcausesthemtoburst(celllysis). ThenamePenicilliumcomesfromtheresemblanceoftheconidiophoreofthefungustoapaintbrush--penicillusistheLatinwordforpaintbrush.Penicilliumisamemberofthedeuteromycetes,fungiwithnoknownsexualstate.SomespeciesofPenicilliumhaveanadditionalsexualstateintheAscomycotaintheEurotiales. Thismonth'sfunguspagehonorsVeteran'sDay,celebratedinNovemberintheUSA.AlthoughIamreallyapacifist,Idolikeforsoldiersandotherpeopletosurvivebacterialinfections.Youcangivepenicillincreditforsavinglivesofsoldierswithbattlewounds,especiallyduringthemid20thcentury.Contrarytowhatyoumightthink,mostsoldierswhodiedduringWorldWarIandWWIIwerenotdirectlykilledbygunfireorbombs,butratherdiedfromthebacterialinfectionscausedbythosearms.Forexample,comparethehealingratesofboneinfectionsandcompoundfracturesofwoundedsoldiersinWWI(25%)tothosewithsimilarwoundsWWII,afterpenicillinbecameavailable(95%). ForthoseofyoureadingthisfromoutsidetheUnitedStates,Veteran'sDayiscelebratedonNovember11,thedayWorldWarIended.Canada,theUnitedKingdom,Australia,andNewZealandcelebratethisdayas"RemembranceDay."ThiswasknownasArmisticeDayuntil"thewartoendallwars"waseclipsedbyamuchworsewar,andonedaytohonorveteranswasfittinglysetasideforNovember11.MyownfatherfoughtinJapanduringthelaterstagesofWWII,andhesaidhislifewasextendedmanytimesbypenicillinandotherantibiotics.Wearegratefultoveteransforfightinginwars,butveteransshouldlikewisebegratefulforPenicillium'sproductionofpenicillin,aswellasthescientistswhomadethatpossible. ThediscoveryanddevelopmentofPenicillin Asyouhaveprobablyheard,penicillinwasdiscoveredquitebyaccident.AlexanderFlemingwasaScotti