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Penicillium chrysogenum.doc

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PenicilliumchrysogenumPenicilliumchrysogenum(alsoknownasPenicilliumnotatum)isthesourceforpenicillinthefirstantibiotic.Penicillinworksagainstgram-positivebacteriasuchasStaphylococcusandPneumococcusbydisruptingbacterialcellwallsynthesis--crosslinkingofthepeptidoglycanpolymersispreventedbyinhibitionoftheenzymetranspeptidaasecausingthemalformedcellswallstotakeonexcesswaterwhichcausesthemtoburst(celllysis).ThenamePenicilliumcomesfromtheresemblanceoftheconidiophoreofthefungustoapaintbrush--penicillusistheLatinwordforpaintbrush.Penicilliumisamemberofthedeuteromycetesfungiwithnoknownsexualstate.SomespeciesofPenicilliumhaveanadditionalsexualstateintheAscomycotaintheEurotiales.Thismonth'sfunguspagehonorsVeteran'sDaycelebratedinNovemberintheUSA.AlthoughIamreallyapacifistIdolikeforsoldiersandotherpeopletosurvivebacterialinfections.Youcangivepenicillincreditforsavinglivesofsoldierswithbattlewoundsespeciallyduringthemid20thcentury.ContrarytowhatyoumightthinkmostsoldierswhodiedduringWorldWarIandWWIIwerenotdirectlykilledbygunfireorbombsbutratherdiedfromthebacterialinfectionscausedbythosearms.ForexamplecomparethehealingratesofboneinfectionsandcompoundfracturesofwoundedsoldiersinWWI(25%)tothosewithsimilarwoundsWWIIafterpenicillinbecameavailable(95%).ForthoseofyoureadingthisfromoutsidetheUnitedStatesVeteran'sDayiscelebratedonNovember11thedayWorldWarIended.CanadatheUnitedKingdomAustraliaandNewZealandcelebratethisdayas"RemembranceDay."ThiswasknownasArmisticeDayuntil"thewartoendallwars"waseclipsedbyamuchworsewarandonedaytohonorveteranswasfittinglysetasideforNovember11.MyownfatherfoughtinJapanduringthelaterstagesofWWIIandhesaidhislifewasextendedmanytimesbypenicillinandothe