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IncreasingdiversityofapplicationsofAIineducation.doc

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ITSandILEsareoftendiscussedasiftheyweretheyweretheonlytwodistinctapproachestodevelopingknowledge-basedsystemsforeducation.Onthesurface,thispaper--discussingfirstITSthenILEs--perpetuatesthatimage.However,onamorecarefulreading,itshouldbeapparentthatafieldwhichbeganwithtworelativelyclearlyopposingpositionshasnowbeguntofractureintoamultitudeofrelatedsystemsandapproaches.Insteadoftwopointsofviewontheapplicationofartificialintelligencetoeducation,itismoreaccuratetodaytoseethefieldasacontinuum,withomniscient,tutor-controlledITSononeend,andcompletelystudent-controlledILEsontheother. Thecontinuumrepresentsavarietyofdifferentwaysofdealingwiththeproblemsandweaknessesofthetwoopposingapproaches,outlinedintheprevioussections.Ingeneral,theweaknessesofoneapproachcanoftenbecreativelyconfrontedbyborrowingsomeofthestrengthsfromtheoppositeextreme,ineffectcreatingarangeofsystems.Suchsystemsmayblendvariouskindsoftutor-andstudent-controlledactivities.Consequentlytheyarebeginningtoresembleoneanotherinstructureanddesign,althoughtheyoftenclaimdistinctconceptuallineages--forexample"constructionist"versus"instructionist"theoreticalfoundations--associatedwiththeextremeendpoints(PapertandHarel,1991). AttheITSendofthecontinuum,onemajorproblemisthatathoroughgoingintelligenttutormustbehighlyknowledgeableaboutthesubjectittutors.Foreveryproblemitposestothestudent,oreveryrequestforinformationandhelpfromthestudent,thesystemisexpectedtoknowthe"right"answer.ThisdemandforomnisciencelimitsITStotutoringsubjectsforwhichwehaverelativelycompletecognitivetaskanalyses,includingnotonlyanunderstandingofthecompetenceofthe"ideal"student,butalsothemisunderstandingsofthenovice.However,therearefewinterestingsubjects,fromaneducationalperspective,forwhichsuchcompletetaskanalysesareavailable.Indeed,aswehavesuggested,subjectsforwhichsuchanalysesarepossiblemaybecomeuninterestingtoteachsimplybecausetheyhavebeenfullyanalyzedandhencecanbecompletelydelegatedtomachines. Inresponsetothisdilemma,manyresearchershavebeguntoconsiderw