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TheNobelPrizeinPhysics1901.doc

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TheNobelPrizeinPhysics1901-2000 byErikB.KarlssonHYPERLINK"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/karlsson/index.html"\l"footnote#footnote"* WhatIsPhysics? Physicsisconsideredtobethemostbasicofthenaturalsciences.Itdealswiththefundamentalconstituentsofmatterandtheirinteractionsaswellasthenatureofatomsandthebuild-upofmoleculesandcondensedmatter.Ittriestogiveunifieddescriptionsofthebehaviorofmatteraswellasofradiation,coveringasmanytypesofphenomenaaspossible.Insomeofitsapplications,itcomesclosetotheclassicalareasofchemistry,andinothersthereisaclearconnectiontothephenomenatraditionallystudiedbyastronomers.Presenttrendsareevenpointingtowardacloserapproachofsomeareasofphysicsandmicrobiology. Althoughchemistryandastronomyareclearlyindependentscientificdisciplines,bothusephysicsasabasisinthetreatmentoftheirrespectiveproblemareas,conceptsandtools.Todistinguishwhatisphysicsandchemistryincertainoverlappingareasisoftendifficult.ThishasbeenillustratedseveraltimesinthehistoryoftheNobelPrizes.Therefore,afewawardsforchemistrywillalsobementionedinthetextthatfollows,particularlywhentheyarecloselyconnectedtotheworksofthePhysicsLaureatesthemselves.Asforastronomy,thesituationisdifferentsinceithasnoNobelPrizesofitsown;ithasthereforebeennaturalfromthestart,toconsiderdiscoveriesinastrophysicsaspossiblecandidatesforPrizesinPhysics. FromClassicaltoQuantumPhysics In1901,whenthefirstNobelPrizeswereawarded,theclassicalareasofphysicsseemedtorestonafirmbasisbuiltbygreat19thcenturyphysicistsandchemists.Hamiltonhadformulatedaverygeneraldescriptionofthedynamicsofrigidbodiesasearlyasthe1830s.Carnot,Joule,KelvinandGibbshaddevelopedthermodynamicstoahighdegreeofperfectionduringthesecondhalfofthecentury. Maxwell'sfamousequationshadbeenacceptedasageneraldescriptionofelectromagneticphenomenaandhadbeenfoundtobealsoapplicabletoopticalradiationandtheradiowavesrecentlydiscoveredbyHertz. Everything,includingthewavephenomena,seemedtofitquitewellintoapicturebuiltonmechanicalmotionoftheconstituen