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乔治奥威尔-Georgeor.pptx

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Authorof1984,AnimalFarm,DownandOutinParisandLondon1984 Publishedin1949,oneyearbeforeOrwell’sdeath,thisnovelpresentsanimaginaryfuturewhereatotalitarianstatecontrolseveryaspectoflife,evenpeople'sthoughts.ThestatecalledOceaniaisruledbyagroupknownastheParty,itsleaderanddictatorisBigBrother,anditisaworldofperpetualwar,governmentsurveillance,mindcontrol,andtheeliminationofcitizens'rights.AtthetimeOrwellwaswriting,totalitariangovernmentswereonthemarchinmanypartsoftheworldandthefuturelookedbleak.WinstonSmith,themaincharacterandprotagonistisacivilservantwhoseresponsibilityiscreatingpropagandaforthePartybyrewritinghistorytorenderthePartywithunlimitedpowerandadmiration.“Hewhocontrolsthepast,controlsthefuture”.However,hismiserableexistencedisillusionshimintorebellionagainstBigBrother,whichleadstohisarrest,torture,andultimateconversion.Totalitarianism formofgovernmentthattheoreticallypermitsnoindividualfreedomandthatseekstosubordinateallaspectsoftheindividual’slifetotheauthorityofthegovernment.ItaliandictatorBenitoMussolinicoinedthetermtotalitariointheearly1920stodescribethenewfasciststateofItaly,whichhefurtherdescribedas:“Allwithinthestate,noneoutsidethestate,noneagainstthestate.”BythebeginningofWorldWarII,“totalitarian”hadbecomesynonymouswithabsoluteandoppressivesingle-partygovernment. Inthebroadestsense,totalitarianismischaracterizedbystrongcentralrulethatattemptstocontrolanddirectallaspectsofindividuallifethroughcoercionandrepression.ExamplesofsuchcentralizedtotalitarianruleincludetheMauryadynastyofIndia,theCh’indynastyofChina,andthereignofZuluchiefShaka.ThetotalitarianstatesofNaziGermanyunderAdolfHitler(1933–45)andtheSovietUnionunderJosephStalin(1924–53)werethefirstexamplesofdecentralizedorpopulartotalitarianism,inwhichthestateachievedoverwhelmingpopularsupportforitsleadership.Thissupportwasnotspontaneous;itsgenesisdependedonacharismaticleader;anditwasmadepossibleonlybymoderndevelopmentsincommunicationandtransportation.-EncyclopediaBritannica HannahArendt’sOriginsofTotali