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严重创伤病人的麻醉Inadvancedcountries,injuryranksasthefourthleadingcauseofdeathfollowingheartdisease,cancer,andcerebrovasculardisease.PreoperativeAssessment2.Glasgowcomascorescale(GCS) Indicators:Eyeopening Spontaneous4 Tovoice3 Topain2 None 1 Verbalresponse Oriented 5 Confused 4 Inappropriatewords4 Incomprehensiblewords2 None 1 Motorresponses ObeysCommand 6 Localizespain 5 Withdraws(pain) 4 Flexion(pain) 3 Extension(pain) 2 None 1 Numericrange:3~15 Lowerscoremoreseriouscoma3.RevisedTraumaScore(RTS) Indicators:Systolicbloodpressure ≥89mmHg 4 76~89mmHg 3 50~75mmHg 2 1~49mmHg 1 Nopulse 0 Weight 0.7326 Respiratoryrate 10~29/min 4 >29/min 3 6~9/min 2 1~5/min 1 None 0 Weight 0.2908 GlasgowComaScale 13~15 4 9~12 3 6~8 2 4~5 1 3 0 Weight 0.9368 Numericrange 0~0.784 SBP×wgt+RR×wgt+GCS×wgt=TS LowerScoremoreseriousinjury 4.OthersRefertothetext.MechanismsofInjury Themechanismofinjurydeterminesthepatternof injury,andtheknowledgefocusesthetreatmentpriorities forthepatient. Forexample: Penetratingthoracictrauma BluntChesttrauma Thetherapeuticapproachisquitedifferent.Blunttraumaresultsinwidespreadenergytransfertothebody.Whenthelimitsoflordtoleranceareexceeded,Tissuesaredisrupteddependingontheamountofenergytransfer. Penetratingtraumainjuresastheenergybehind thepenetratinginstrumentcausesstretchingand crushingoftissues.Theenergydissipationprofilesofdifferentweapons(Knivesandbulletsdeterminetheanatomicdepthandextentofmaximuminjury. Traumapatients’deathdemonstrateatrimodaldistribution.Inthefirstandlargestpeakofdistributioncurve,deathfromeitherbluntorpenetratingtraumaoccursimmediatelyfollowingwidespreadlacerationofthebrainormajorbloodvessels,includingtheheart.Suchpatientscanrarelybesaved.Inthesecondpeak,exsanguinationsfromvascularinjuriescausesdeathwithinafewhourswithoutmedicaltreatment. Inadequateordelayedshockresuscitationorsurgicaltreatmentleadstolatedeathfrominfection,sepsis