桔梗传粉的生物学研究.docx

桔梗传粉的生物学研究【摘要】目的对桔梗传粉的生物学特性进行了观察研究，确定桔梗的开花动态特征及其传粉方式，为桔梗规范化生产提供依据。方法采用挂牌标记定株观察开花习性和传粉昆虫访花行为，人工控制授粉测定花粉和柱头可受性。结果桔梗Platycodongrandiflorum(Jacq.)花期从6月底到8月下旬，单株花期约41d，单株花粉50～110朵，单花花期一般为2～3d，当遇到低温天气时，单花花期延长至3～4d。在田间条件下，桔梗花粉受精活力可保持2d，花后3d花粉已完全失去受精活性；开花当天至花后3d柱头可受性逐渐升高，之后开始下降，呈单峰曲线变化。花冠和花蜜对授粉昆虫具有较强的招引作用，而柱头和花粉的招引作用似乎不明显。结论这些规律的研究为桔梗规范化栽培和良种繁育提供了理论依据。【关键词】桔梗；开花生物学；结实率；传粉Abstract：ObjectiveInordertoprovidemorereasonfoundationforbuildingtheGAP(GoodAgricultureProcess)ofPlatycodon,weobservedthefloweringcharacteristicsofdynamicstateanditspollinatingthefloweringseason,weobservedthecontinuoustimeonthebehaviourofthepetalsopeningandthehabitofthepollinators.Thepollenviabilityandthestigmaacceptabilityweremeasuredbytheartificialtoourobservation,floweringofPlatycodontookplacefromlateJunetolateAugust.Thefloweringperiodofindividuallastedonaverage41d,andtherewere50～110flowersinasingleindividual.Anthesisofasingleflowerlasted2～3d,however,prolongedto3～4dwhenitwasalowtemperature.FieldexperimentsindicatedthatpollenvibabilityofPlatycodonlastedto2d,itwouldabsolutelylosefertilizationabilitythreedaysafterpetalsopening.Stigmaacceptabilitygraduallyrisetolastout3daysafterthepetalsopening,subsequentlystartedtodecline,thefluctuationofstigmaacceptabilitywassinglepeakcurve.ManyinsectspollinatedPlatycodon.Theeffectiveandfrequentpollinatorswerehoneybeeandscoliid,whichvisitedtheflowersmostlyfornectar.Petalandnectarmaybeaadvertisementinattractingpollinators,however,stigmaandpollenwereindistinctiveinattractinglawsprovidemorereasonfoundationforbreedingofhigh-qualityseedandstandardizedcultivationofPlatycodon.Keywords：Platycodongrandiflorum;Flowering;Fructificationpercentage;Pollination桔梗Platycodongrandiflorum(Jacq.))属于桔梗科、桔梗属，为多年生双子叶草本植物，是一种药、食、赏兼用植物。桔梗根部入药，其主要活性成分是皂苷，具有镇咳、抗炎、降血压、降血糖、减肥、抗肿瘤、提高人体免疫力等广泛的药理活性。桔梗嫩苗、根均可食用，在我国东北地区以及日、韩、朝等东亚国家是一种常见蔬菜，具有很高的营养价值。桔梗花期长，花色鲜艳，有紫色、白色、黄色和粉色等多种；花冠钟形，合瓣花，近年还发现漏斗形花冠桔梗和重瓣桔梗2个变种，提高了桔梗的观赏价值。目前国内外对桔梗的研究主要集中在栽培技术、药物有效成分、制药及疗效等方面［1,2］，但桔梗生物学研究报道较少，仅杨美全等［3～5］对桔梗的花芽分化、雄配子体发育和雄性不育性进行了研究，