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2020-2021学年北京市首都师范大学附属中学高二上学期期末考试英语试题解析版(1).pdf

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北京市首都师范大学附属中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题一、完形填空“Wedidn’treallyfindagoodrolemodelofanycountrydoingthingssustainably,”saysDanielO’NeillattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.“Weneedtodothingsinacompletelydifferentwayifwearetohaveanyhopeofachievingagoodlifeforallpeopleontheplanet.”O’Neillandhiscolleagues1eachcountry’ssustainabilitybyaddinguphowitused,producedoraffectedseventhings.Thesewerewater,phosphorus,nitrogen,carbondioxideemissions,landusechange,ecologicalfootprintandmaterialconsumption.Theteamalsoused11measurestoassesswhethercitizenshadgoodlives.Somewerebasicneedsorexpectationslikenutrition,accesstoenergyandlonglifeexpectancy.Theothers2socialstability,likeincome,education,equality,socialsupportandemploymentprospects.A(n)idealcountrywouldscorezeroforresourceovershootand11forcitizenwell-being:everyone’sneedswouldbemetandnonaturalresourcesdestroyed.Richcountriesovershoottheirlimitstofeedtheirlifestyles.“TheUSAtransgresses(超越)allsevenplanetaryboundaryindicators,but…scoresrelatively3onthesocialtargets,achievingnineoutof11,”saysteammemberJuliaSteinbergerattheUniversityofLeeds.TheUKdid4breakingfiveboundaries,butreachingeightsocialtargets.“Theycouldbedescribedas‘well-offover-consumers’,”shesays.However,SouthAfricatransgressesthesamenaturalboundariesastheUK,but5onlyonesocialtarget:nutrition.Itisa“dysfunctionalover-consumer”,saysSteinberger,“becauseitsconsumptiondoesn’tseemtoresultinabetterlife”Somepoorcountries,likeMalawiandSenegal,keepwithinplanetary-boundaries,butreachnoneofthesocialtargets.Afewcountriesarebetteratbalancingwell-beingand6.TheyincludeSriLanka-whichgoesbeyondnonaturallimits-VietnamandMoldova.7,nonemeetsallthewell-beingtargets.“The8providesacriticalreminderofthetremendouschallengefacinghumanity,”saysJohanRockstromofStockholmUniversityinSweden.“Wecannolongerbalancethatsimplylettingthemarketdecidewhatisbestforuswillleadtoanythingbutdisaster,”saysSteinberger.1O’Neill’steamsayspoorercountriesshould9basicneeds,whichcanbemetwithoutovershootinglimits.Citizensofrichcountriesshouldr