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TROPOSPHERICAEROSOLSGasemissionsleadingtosecondaryaerosolDMS(CH3)2SisthemajoroneofbiogenicgasesemittedfromseaDimethylsulfideDMSandClimateFigureadaptedfromCharlsonetal.(1987)“Oceanicphytoplanktonatmosphericsulphurcloudalbedoandclimate”Naturevol.326pp.655-661DMSoxidationAboutatmosphericSO20%50%AqueousversusGasPhaseOxidationSO2emissionsfromvolcanoes(1)SO2emissionsfromvolcanoes(2)VolcanolocationsContinuouslyeruptingvolcanoesAtmosphericimpactofvolcanoesAcidaerosolsresideinthestratosphereforseveralyearsAerosolveilsincreaseopticaldepthoftheatmosphere(inc.opticaldepthof0.1%=10%reductionsunlightreachingEarthsurface).SpreadaroundtheglobebystratosphericwindsAtmosphericeffectsofvolcaniceruptionsVolcanoesdonotinjectchlorineintothestratosphere.AerosolsimproveefficiencywithwhichCFC`sdestroyozonebyactivatinganthropogenicbromineandchlorineindirectlyleadingtoenhanceddestructionofstratosphericozoneRelativelyshortlived-aerosolslastonly2-3yearsinthestratosphere3.LatitudeProximitytothestratosphere:smallereruptionsathighlatitudecaninjectasmuchSO2intothestratosphereaslargereruptionsatlowerlatitudesStratosphericdispersal:Aerosolsfromtropicaleruptionshavethepotentialtospreadaroundtheglobe(e.gPinatubo).AtmosphericinfluenceoferuptionoutsidethetropicsiscontainedwithinthemiddleandpolarlatitudesofthehemisphereoforiginGlobalsulfuremissionsGLOBALSULFUREMISSIONTOTHEATMOSPHERE(1990annualmean)IndustrialSO2emissionsIn1985:about81%ofanthropogenicsulfuremissionswerefromfossilfuelcombustion16%fromindustrialprocesses3%fromlargescalebiomassburningand1%fromthecombustionofbiofuelsbutthesefigureshavetoberevisedformorerecentyears.Thetotalamountfor1985isestimatedat:76TgSa-1accurateto20-30%FutureSO2emissionsinAsiaarelikelytobemuchlowerthanthe