敦煌莫高窟第285窟北壁供养人像和供养人题记.docx

敦煌莫高窟第285窟北壁供养人像和供养人题记内容摘要：敦煌莫高窟第285窟（西魏）的营造过程历来有两种解释：其一是窟内的塑像和壁画统一规划制作各壁面的造像内容相互关联；其二是按照西壁南壁和天井北壁和东壁的顺序依次制作由于施工途中计划改变导入了新的构思和中原风格等壁画样式。笔者赞同后者之说。通过对北壁壁画的图像、样式、画技、材料、色彩、供养人像的构成和服装、供养人题记等进行详细分析认为七幅壁画由四个不同的画家团队绘制。七幅说法图是汉族和胡族的混血家族集团成员的小规模供奉。第285窟可能是原本作为僧人修行场所的莫高窟对在家信徒开放供奉的初例。关键词：莫高窟第285窟；供养人像；题记；北方系胡服；西方系胡服中图分类号：K879.21文献标识码：A文章编号：1000-4106（2016）01-0012-14Abstract：TherearecurrentlytwoprevailinginterpretationsontheprocessofconstructionofMogaoCave285inDunhuangdatedtotheWesternWeiperiod.Oneisthatallsculpturesandpaintingsinthecavewereproducedunderaconsistentplanandthatthesculpturesandpaintingsoneachwallrepresentinterrelatedsubjects.TheotheristhatdecorationsofthecavewerefirstmadeonthewestwallnextonthesouthwallandceilingandlastlyonthenorthandeastwallsandthatsomechangewasmadeintheoriginalplantointroducenewideasandpaintingstylesfromtheCentralPlains.SupportingthelatterinterpretationtheauthorofthisarticlethoroughlyexaminesthepaintingsonthenorthwallincludingthestylestechniquesmaterialswayofapplyingpigmentscompositionofdonorsclothingandChineseinscriptionsaddedtotheimagesandconsidersthatthesevenpreachingscenespaintedonthenorthwallwerecompletedbyfourdifferentgroupsofpainters.Theauthorfurtherobservesthatthesevenpreachingscenescouldbesmall-sizeddonationsofferedbysomevariousfamiliesofChineseandnon-ChineseHuandregardsCave285asoneoftheearlycasesinwhichtheMogaoCaves-hithertoaplacereservedexclusivelyformonks’practices-wereopenedtolaybelievers.Keywords：MogaoCave285；donorfigures；inscriptions；non-Chinesecostumesfromthenorth；non-Chinesecostumesfromthewest一第285窟的研究焦点以第285窟的结构和佛像、壁画为中心在图像、样式、题材出处和释读等方面已有丰硕成果。然而石窟营造事业离不开发愿、奉献之人佛像或石窟中经常出现他们的形象即所谓“供养人像”。敦煌莫高窟从五胡十六国时期以来持续营造约一千多年留下了汉、鲜卑、吐蕃、回鹘、党项、蒙古等多个民族的供养人像。本文讨论的第285窟营建于西魏时期