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新编简明英语语言学教程 ChapteroneIntroduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage. 2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics. 3.语言language Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征DesignFeatures Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Culturaltransmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds. P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions ⑵Productivity Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend. ⑶Duality Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels. ⑷Displacement Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker. ⑸Culturaltransmission Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies. 5.语言能力Competence Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage. 6.语言运用performance Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime. 8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime. 9.语言langue Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity. 10.言语parole Therealizationoflangueinactualuse. 11.规定性Prescriptive Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay. 12.描述性Descriptive Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse. 二、知识点 1.languageisn