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最后通牒博弈中的从众效应.docx

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最后通牒博弈中的从众效应 Title:TheBystanderEffectintheUltimatumGame Introduction: TheUltimatumGameisaclassiceconomicexperimentusedtostudyhumandecision-makingandsocialbehavior.Itinvolvestwoplayers,aproposerandaresponder,whoaregivenafixedsumofmoney.Theproposermakesanofferonhowthemoneyshouldbesplit,andtherespondercaneitheracceptorrejecttheoffer.Iftheresponderaccepts,themoneyisdistributedaccordingly.However,iftheresponderrejects,neitherplayerreceivesanymoney.Thisgameprovidesvaluableinsightsintohumanpsychologyanddecision-makingstrategies.Inthispaper,wewillexplorethephenomenonofthebystandereffectintheUltimatumGameanditsimplications. UnderstandingtheBystanderEffect: Thebystandereffectisasocialpsychologicalphenomenoninwhichindividualsarelesslikelytoofferhelporinterveneinanemergencysituationwhenotherpeoplearepresent.Itsuggeststhatpeople'sactionsareinfluencedbythepresenceofothers,leadingtoadiffusionofresponsibility.Thebystandereffecthasbeenextensivelystudiedinthecontextofhelpingbehavior,butitspresenceineconomicdecision-makinggamesliketheUltimatumGameisarelativelynovelareaofresearch. TheBystanderEffectintheUltimatumGame: IntheUltimatumGame,thebystandereffectcanmanifestinvariousways.Firstly,participantsmaybeinfluencedbythebehaviorofotherswhendecidingonanoffertomake.Iftheywitnessotherproposersmakingloworunfairoffers,theymaybemoreinclinedtofollowsuit.Thiscanleadtoaspiraloflowoffersaspeoplemimicthebehaviortheyobserveinothers.Additionally,respondersmaybemorelikelytorejectunfairoffersiftheyseeothersdoingso.Thiscancreateanormofrejection,wherepeoplearehesitanttoacceptoffersthattheyperceiveasunfair. PsychologicalFactorsInfluencingtheBystanderEffect: SeveralpsychologicalfactorscomeintoplaywhenconsideringthebystandereffectintheUltimatumGame.Firstly,socialcomparisonplaysasignificantrole.Peopletendtocomparetheirownbehavioranddecisionstothoseofothersinordertoassessthefairnessoftheirofferorresponse.Iftheyobserveothersbehavinginaparticularmanner,theymayconformtheirbehaviortofitthegroupnorm.Additionally,p