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EmbeddedHardwareFoundationContent1.CPUI/OdevicesApplication:8251UART8251CPUinterfaceProgrammingI/OARMmemory-mappedI/Opeekandpoke(UsingC)Busy/waitoutputSimultaneousbusy/waitinputandoutputInterruptI/OInterruptinterfaceInterruptbehaviorInterruptphysicalinterfaceExample:interrupt-driveninputandoutputExample:characterI/OhandlersExample:interruptI/OwithbuffersBuffer-basedinputhandlerBuffer-basedoutputhandlerPrioritiesandvectorsPrioritizedinterruptsInterruptprioritizationInterruptvectorsInterruptvectoracquisitionInterruptvectoracquisitionInterruptsequenceSourcesofinterruptoverheadARMinterruptsARMinterruptprocedureExceptionandTrapSupervisormodeARMCPUmodesARMCPUmodes(cont’d)Co-processorMemorySystemCacheCacheoperation-overviewCacheoperationCacheorganizationsExampleDirect-mappedcacheDirectMappingAddressStructureDirect-mappedcacheWriteoperationsMemorymanagementunitsMemorymanagementtasksAddresstranslationSegmentsandpagesSegmentaddresstranslationPageaddresstranslationPagetableorganizationsCachingaddresstranslationsARMmemorymanagementCPUperformanceandpowerconsumptionExample:IntelXScalecore2.Bus一个基本的总线连接DMA带DMA控制器的总线连接桥ARM总线-AMBA典型的基于AMBA的系统3.Memory4.I/OWatchdogtimerWatchdogtimer