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桉树枝瘿姬小蜂与桉树间化学通讯关系的研究.docx

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桉树枝瘿姬小蜂与桉树间化学通讯关系的研究 Introduction Eucalyptustreesarewidelyplantedinmanycountriesfortimber,pulp,andpaperproduction,aswellasforornamentalpurposes.However,thegrowthofeucalyptustreesisoftendisturbedbypestsanddiseasesthatcanseverelyreducetheirproductivityandeconomicvalue.Amongthesepests,theeucalyptusgallwasp(Leptocybeinvasa)isanotoriouspestofeucalyptustreesthatcausessignificanteconomiclossesinmanycountries.Theeucalyptusgallwaspisasmall,invasiveinsectthatwasfirstintroducedintotheMediterraneanregionintheearly2000s.Sincethen,ithasspreadtomanycountries,includingAustralia,India,China,andtheUnitedStates,whereitcausesseveredamagetoeucalyptustrees. Oneofthenaturalenemiesoftheeucalyptusgallwaspistheeucalyptusgallwaspparasitoid(e.g.,Megastigmustransvaalensis),atinywaspthatlaysitseggsinsidethegallsformedbytheeucalyptusgallwasp.However,theecologicalinteractionsbetweentheeucalyptusgallwaspparasitoidandtheeucalyptustreearepoorlyunderstood.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatethechemicalcommunicationbetweentheeucalyptustreeandtheeucalyptusgallwaspparasitoid. Chemicalcommunicationbetweenplantsandinsects Plantsandinsectshaveco-evolvedovermillionsofyears,andasaresult,theyhavedevelopedcomplexchemicalcommunicationsystemsthatenablethemtointeractwitheachother.Plantsproducevolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)thatcanattractorrepelinsects,anddifferentinsectscandetectandrespondtodifferentVOCsdependingontheirecologicalnicheandlifestyle.Forexample,herbivorousinsectscandetectandrespondtoplantVOCsthatindicatethepresenceoftheirhostplantsorthatsignalthepresenceofdanger,suchaspredatorattacksorpathogeninfections. Ontheotherhand,parasitoidwaspscandetectandrespondtoVOCsthatsignalthepresenceoftheirhosts,suchastheeucalyptusgallwasp.ParasitoidwaspsuseVOCstolocatetheirhosts,assesstheirquality,andavoidcompetitionwithotherparasitoids.However,parasitoidsalsoneedtoavoiddetectionandattacksbytheirhosts,andthus,theyusedifferentchemicalstrategiestoavoidbeingdetected. Chemicalcommunicationbetweeneucalyptustreesandeucalyptusgallwaspparas