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剑101-2 Itisimportantforchildrentolearnthedifferencebetweenrightand wrongatanearlyage.Punishmentisnecessarytohelpthemlearnthis distinction. Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion? Whatsortofpunishmentshouldparentsandteachersbeallowedtouse toteachgoodbehaviortochildren? Oneimportantstageinachild’sgrowthiscertainlythedevelopmentofa conscience,whichislinkedtotheabilitytotellrightfromwrong.Thisskill comeswithtimeandgoodparenting,andmyfirmconvictionisthat punishmentdoesnothavemuchofaroletoplayinthis.ThereforeIhaveto disagreealmostentirelywiththegivenstatement. Tosomeextentthequestiondependsontheageofthechild.Topunishavery youngchildisbothwrongandfoolish,asaninfantwillnotunderstandwhatis happeningorwhyheorsheisbeingpunished.Oncetheageofreasonis reachedhowever,achildcanberewardedforgoodbehavioranddiscouraged frombad.Thiskindbutfirmapproachwillachievemorethanharsh punishments,whichmightentailmanynegativeconsequencesunintendedby theparents. Tohelpachildlearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,teachersand parentsshouldfirstlyprovidegoodrolemodellingintheirownbehavior.After that,ifsanctionsareneeded,thepunishmentshouldnotbeofaphysical nature,asthatmerelysendsthemessagethatitisacceptableforlarger peopletohitsmallerones-anoutcomewhichmaywellresultinthechild startingtobullyothers.Norshouldthepunishmentbeinanywaycruel. Rather,teachersandparentscanuseavarietyofmethodstodisciplinetheir youngcharges,suchasdetention,withdrawalofprivileges,andtime-out. Makingthepunishmentfitthecrimeisausefulnotion.Whichwouldsee childrenbeingmadetopickuprubbishtheyhavedropped,cleanupgraffiti theyhavedrawn,orapologisetosomeonetheyhavehurt.Intheseways responsibilityisdevelopedinthechild,whichleadstomuchbetterfuture behaviorthandoespunishment. 剑102-1 ThetablesbelowgiveinformationaboutsalesofFairtrade-labelled coffeeandbananasin1999andinfiveEuropeancountries. Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures, andmakecomparisonswhererelevant. Thet