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文体修辞Unit3Exercises.docx

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Unit3Exercises Exercises1 grammetrics:Gram-metricsisthewaysinwhichgrammaticalunitsarefittedintometricalunits suchaslinesandstanzas. markedtheme:markedthemecanbedefinedastheunusualclausetheme,thatmeanswhentheliterarywritertendtoachievecertainliteraryeffects,theywouldplaceanyoftherestoftheclauseelementsinsteadoftheexpectedor"unmarked"themeofamainclauseinthethematicposition. apocope:Apo-copeistheomissionofafinalpartofaword. Affixation:Affixationistheadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemalreadyexistedinthelanguage.E.g.Thealreadyexistedword“recycle”isthecombinationoftheprefix“re-”whichmeans“again”andthealreadyexisteditem“cycle”.However,“balconyful”isantypicalexampleofwordcoinedbyextensionoftheruleofaffixation.Itistheresultoftheadditionofthesuffix“-ful”whichmeansasmuchaswillfillthethingspecified”totheitem“balcony”. Compounding:Compoundingisthecombinationoftwoormoreitems(morphemes)tomakeasinglecompoundword.E.g.Thealreadyexistedword“absent-minded”isthecombinationoftheitem“absent”andtheitem“mind”plus“ed”.However,thecoinedword“else-minded”inHopkin’slineisformedbyextensionoftheword-formationrule:adv.(oradj.)+“ed”participle.Thiskindofcoinageisforspecialuseinsomeoccasions. Conversion:Conversion,whichisoftendescribedas“zeroaffixation”,istheadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.Forexample,anouncanbeusedasaverb:thenoun“father”in“Don’tfatherme!”wrotebyH.G.Wellsischangedtoaverb.Thus,accordingtothecontext,thesentencehastwointerpretations:“Don’tcallmefather!”and“Don’tspeaktomeasifyouwerethefather!” Graphology:Itismeanttheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols. Aphesis:theomissionofaninitialpartofaword.Eg:thouonwhosestream,’midthesteepsky’scommotion.(’midis‘amid’) Syncope:theomissionofamedialpartofaword.Eg:Avoicesothrillingne’erwasheard.(ne’eris‘never’) Exercises2 TheChargeoftheLightBrigade ——AlfredTennyson I.Thehistoricalbackground ThebackgroundofthispoemisabouttheBarackLavallebattleintheCrimeanWar. DatedonOctober25,1854,thebattlewaslaunchedbyBritish