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PUCCINI,GIACOMO Descendedfromafamilyofmusicians,PucciniwasthemostimportantItalianoperacomposerinthegenerationafterVerdi.HewasbornandeducatedinLucca,laterstudyingunderPonchielliattheMilanConservatory.HebeganhiscareerasacomposerofoperawithLeVilli,onthestoryfamiliarfromAdam'sballetGiselle,butfirstwonsignificantsuccessin1893withManonLescaut.Amusicaldramatistofconsiderablepower,ifsometimeslackingindepth,hewroteinalltwelveoperas,thelast,Turandot,stillunfinishedatthetimeofhisdeathin1924. Operas TheoperaManonLescaut,usingthefullnameoftheheroineofthe18thcenturyAbbéPrévost'snoveltodistinguishtheworkfromMassenet'streatmentofthesamesubject,wongreatsuccess.ManonseducedbytheoldGérontereturnstoherformerlover,DesGrieux,butisbetrayedtotheauthoritiesandtransportedtoAmerica,whereshediesinthearmsofherlover,whohasfollowedher.LaBohéme,firststagedin1896,centresontheloveofMim"andthepoetRodolfointheLatinQuarterofParis,astoryofinnocentlove,betrayalandthefinaldeathoftheheroine.Tosca,stagedfirstinRomein1900,dealswiththeloveofthesingerToscaforthepainterCavaradossi,theirimplicationinrevolutionaryactivitiesanddeaththroughthemachinationsofthewickedpolice-chiefScarpia,himselfmurderedbyTosca.MadamaButterflyisastoryoflovebetrayed,theinnocentJapaneseheroineofthetitledesertedbyherfaithlessAmericanhusbandandfinallycompelledtosuicide.LaFanciulladelWest(TheGirloftheGoldenWest)issetinaslightlyimprobableWildWest,whilethetriptych,IlTrittico,threeshortoperas,attemptsachangeofmood.Thelastopera,Turandot,basedonaChinesestorybythe18thcenturydramatistGozzi,makesinappropriateuseofChinesemelodies,butisamovingstudyoftheloveofthesuitorPrinceCalaffortheicy-heartedandcruelPrincessTurandot.Allendshappily,butnotbeforemomentsofsuspense,markedbythefamoustenorariaNessundorma(Letno-onesleep). ChamberMusic SomeofthemusicalmaterialofaparticularlypoignantmomentinManonLescautappearsinasetofpiecesforstringquartetbyPuccini,Crisantemi(Chrysanthemums),partofaverysmalloutputofinstrumentalmusic,littleofwhichwaspublishedbythecomposer