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Hawking,StephenWilliam.doc

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Hawking,StephenWilliam Hawking,StephenWilliam(1942-),Britishtheoreticalphysicistandmathematicianwhosemainfieldofresearchhasbeenthenatureofspaceandtime,includingirregularitiesinspaceandtimeknownassingularities.Hawkinghasalsodevotedmuchofhislifetomakinghistheoriesaccessibletothepublicthroughlectures,books,andfilms. HawkingwasborninOxford,England,andheshowedexceptionaltalentinmathematicsandphysicsfromanearlyage.HeenteredOxfordUniversityin1958andbecameespeciallyinterestedinthermodynamics(thestudyoftheinteractionofmatterandenergy),relativitytheory,andquantummechanics(seeQuantumTheory).In1961heattendedasummercourseattheRoyalObservatorythatencouragedtheseinterests.Hecompletedhisundergraduatecoursesin1962andreceivedabachelor’sdegreeinphysics.HawkingthenenrolledasaresearchstudentingeneralrelativityatthedepartmentofappliedmathematicsandtheoreticalphysicsattheUniversityofCambridge. HawkingearnedhisPh.D.degreefromTrinityCollegeattheUniversityofCambridgein1966.HestayedattheUniversityofCambridge,doingpost-doctoralresearch,untilhebecameaprofessorofphysicsin1977.HebecameoneoftheyoungestfellowsoftheRoyalSocietyin1974.In1979hewasappointedLucasianProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge. Duringhispostgraduateprogram,HawkingwasdiagnosedashavingAmyotrophicLateralSclerosis(ALS),arareprogressivediseasethathandicapsmovementandspeech.ThisdiseasemakesitnecessaryforHawkingtocarryoutthelongandcomplexmathematicalcalculationsthathisworkrequiresinhishead.Hehasbeenabletocontinuehisstudiesandtoembarkuponadistinguishedandproductivescientificcareerdespitehisillness. Fromitsearlieststages,Hawking’sresearchhasbeenconcernedwiththeconceptofsingularities—breakdownsinspaceandtimewheretheclassiclawsofphysicsnolongerapply.Thecombinationoftimeandthree-dimensionalspaceiscalledspace-time.Themostfamiliarexampleofasingularityisablackhole,thefinalformofacollapsedstar.Muchofwhatscientistsbelieveaboutspace-timecomesfromthetheoryofrelativity,whichwasdevelopedintheearly20thcenturybyGerman-AmericanphysicistAlbertEinstein