专四英语阅读题预热练习.docx

专四英语阅读题预热练习

2018年专四英语阅读题预热练习 求学的三个条件是：多观察、多吃苦、多研究。以下是小编为大家搜索整理的，希望对正在关注的您有所帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网! Beforethemid1860’s,theimpactoftherailroadsintheUnitedStateswaslimited,inthesensethatthetracksendedatthisMissouriRiver,approximatelythecenterofthecountry.Atthepointthetrainsturnedtheirfreight,mail,andpassengersovertosteamboats,wagons,andstagecoaches.Thismeantthatwagonfreighting,stagecoaching,andsteamboatingdidnotcometoanendwhenthefirsttrainappeared;rathertheybecamesupplementsorfeeders.Eachnew“endoftrack”becameacenterforanimaldrawnorwaterbornetransportation.Themajoreffectoftherailroadwastoshortenthedistancethathadtobecoveredbytheolder,slower,andmorecostlymeans.Wagonfreighterscontinuedoperatingthroughoutthe1870’sand1880’sandintothe1890’s.Althoughoverconstantlyshrinkingroutes,andcoachesandwagonscontinuedtocrisscrosstheWestwherevertherailshadnotyetbeenlaid.Thebeginningofamajorchangewasforeshadowedinthelater1860’s,whentheUnionPacificRailroadatlastbegantobuildwestwardfromtheCentralPlainscityofOmahatomeettheCentralPacificRailroadadvancingeastwardfromCaliforniathroughtheformidablebarrieroftheSierraNevada.AlthoughPresidentAbrahamLincolnsignedtheoriginalPacificRailroadbillin1862andarevised,financiallymuchmoregenerousversionin1864,littleconstructionwascompleteduntil1865ontheCentralPacificand1866ontheUnionPacific.TheprimaryreasonwasskepticismthataRailroadbuiltthroughsochallengingandthinlysettledastretchofdesert,mountain,andsemiaridplaincouldpayaprofit.Inthewordsofaneconomist,thiswasacaseof“prematureenterprise”,wherenotonlythecostofconstructionbutalsotheveryhighriskdeterredprivateinvestment.IndiscussingthePacificRailroadbill,thechairofthecongressionalcommitteebluntlystatedthatwithoutgovernmentsubsidynoonewouldundertakesounpromisingaventure;yetitwasanationalnecessitytolinkEastandWesttogether. 1.Theauthorreferstotheimpactofrailroadsbeforethelate1860’sas“limited”because____ A.thetrackdidnottakethedirectroutefrom