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认知语言学PrototypesandCategories学习教案.ppt

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会计学FocalcoloursRosch’sfindings: Focalcoloursareperceptuallymoresalientthannon-focalcolours. •Focalcoloursaremoreaccuratelyrememberedinshort-termmemoryandmoreeasilyretainedinlong-termmemory. •Thenamesoffocalcoloursaremorerapidlyproducedincolour-namingtasksandareacquiredearlierbychildren. TheseresultsencouragedRoschtoextendthenotionoffociorprototypes,asshenowcalledthem–beyondcolourcategories e.g.intothedomainsofshapes,organismsandobjects.Goodexamples,badexamplesandcategoryboundariesGoodexamples,badexamplesvagueentity(vagueness): Onetypeoftransitionzonearisesfromtheobservationthatsomeconcreteentitiesdonothaveclear-cutboundariesinreality–thisisthecasewithkneeandotherbodyparts Fuzziness(fuzzycategoryboundaries) itisnottheboundariesofentitiesthatarevague,buttheboundariesofthesecognitivecategoriese.gchairmuseumLabov:cupandcup-likecontainersAttributes Attribute-missing:eg.birds Attribute-deviant:thatiscategorymemberswhoseattributesdonotcomplywiththeexpectednorm.Mostofthese‘deviantcases’involveattributesrelatedtodimensions,suchas‘size’and‘weight’,‘length(oftail)’and‘thickness(oflegs)’.FamilyResemblancesWittgenstein:categoryGAMEAttributeListingandAttribute-basedTypicalRatings Conclusions: Prototypicalmembersofcognitivecategorieshavethelargestnumberofattributesincommonwithothermembersofthecategoryandthesmallestnumberofattributeswhichalsooccurwithmembersofneighbouringcategories.Inanotherword,prototypicalmembersaremaximallydistinctfromtheprototypicalmembersofothercategoriesintermsofattributes. Badexamplesshareonlyasmallnumberofattributeswithothermembersoftheircategoriesbuthaveseveralattributeswhichbelongtoothercategoriesaswell. (anexplanationoffuzzyboundaries)/Gestaltseveralotherexamples: chairs(leg,seatandback) birds(liveontrees;fly;pickwormsforfood) teddybear(liketherealbrownbear;soft;huggedbyachild) Conclusions: Gestaltperceptionplaysanimportantroleincategorizationandgoodnessratings,asessentialasattributes,familyresemblances,attribute-basedtypicalityratings. Th