计算机组成原理复习笔记.pdf

Chapt1
Ms:millius:microns:nano
KB:kiloMB:megaGB:GigaTB:TeraPB:PetaEB:Exa

Chapt2

ENIAC：ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer
十进制、switchprogram、真空管、30吨、5000加法/s

冯诺依曼/图灵机
Storedprogramconcept、mainmemorystoringprogramsand
data(1st)
二进制、CPU中断指令
IAS:PrincetonInstituteforAdvancedStudies
MBR:memorybufferregister
MAR:memoryaddressregister
IR:instructionregister
PC:programcounter
ACC:accumulator

Generationsofcomputer:

Moore’sLaw:
Increaseddensityofcomponentsonchip
Doublingperformanceeveryyear(18months)

IBM360series:
Firstplanned“family”ofcomputers
Multiplexedswitchstructure

DECPDP-8
Firstminicomputer
BUSSTRUCTURE

CPU提高速度：
Method:
1.提高集成度
2.Increasefrequency
3.Pipelining,superscalar—parallelism
4.Multicore
Problems:RC-delay;power,dissipatingheat
Solutions:
Multiplecores

Memory更大、提高存取速度
Method:
1.Increasedensityofchip//芯片密度
2.Speeduprunfrequency
3.Addcache
Problems:
reduceparallelism(密度增加导致芯片减少，同时减少了并行)
PerformanceMismatch:memoryspeedlagsbehindprocessorspeed
Solutions:
Makememorychipwider,increasenumberofbitsretrievedatonetime
PerformanceMismatch:incorporatecaches:L1cache,L2cache

I/O提高速度
1.Deviceitself
2.Caching
3.Buffering
4.Newinterfacetechniques:USB、networktechnology

Interconnection提高速度
1.增加传输线的宽度
2.Higherspeedinterconnectionbuses//bus速度
3.Moreelaboratebusstructure//bus结构~~hierarchy

3principalconstituentsofacomputersystematIClevel
IC(Microelectronics)
gates,memorycellsandinterconnections
gatesforprocessing,memorycellforstorage

theKeydistinguishingfeatureofamicroprocessor

answer:keydistinguishingfeatureofaprocessoristhenumberofbitsthattheprocessordeals
withatatime.

Chapt3
指令周期
FI--FetchInstruction
DI--DecodeInstruction
CO--CalculateOperandaddress
FO--FetchOperands
EI--Executeoperation(Instruction)
WO–WriteOperand(Storeresult)

中断的定义
interrupt:itisamechanismbywhichothermodules(e.g.I/O)mayinterruptnormalsequenceof
processing
中断的原因
1.mayhandleexceptionevent:incomingdata,
2.improveperformance:I/O和CPU并行工作
3.time-sharing分时
中断的类型
1.program(异常)