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AmericanStructuralism美国结构主义.doc

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AnIntroductiontoAmericanStructuralism Therearealotoflanguageschoolsinthehistory,andoneofthem,Americanstructuralism,isabranchofsynchroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.UndertheleadershipoftheanthropologistF.Boas(1858-1942)itdevelopedinadifferentstylefromthatofEurope. LinguisticsinAmericastartedattheendofthenineteenthcentury.EnglishwasthedominatinglanguageinAmerica,wheretherewasnosuchatraditionasinEurope.BecausetherewasnowrittenrecordofthelanguagesoftheAmericanIndians,whenthelastspeakerofalanguagedies,thelanguagecanbesaidtohaveperished.Howevertheselanguageswerecharacterizedbyfeaturesofvastdiversityanddifferenceswhicharerarelyfoundinotherpartsoftheworld. BoasworkedasorganizerofasurveyofthemanyindigenouslanguagesofAmericanorthofMexicospecializedintheanthropologyofNorthAmerica.Hewasaself-taughtlinguist,havingneverreceivedanyformaltraininginlinguistics.Heheldthattherewasnoidealtypeorformoflanguages,forhumanlanguageswereendlesslydiverse,hestronglyopposedtotheviewthatlanguageisthesoulofarace,andheprovedthatthestructureandformofalanguagehasnothingtodowiththeevolutionofaraceandthedevelopmentofaculture.Therewereonlydifferencesinlanguagestructure,whilethereisnodifferencebetweenlanguagesintermsofbeingmoreorlessreasonableoradvanced. Boasdiscussedtheframeworkofdescriptivelinguisticsinhisbook.Heheldthatsuchdescriptionsconsistofthreeparts:thesoundoflanguages,thesemanticcategoriesoflinguisticexpression.Heregardedlinguisticsaspartofanthropologyandfailedtoestablishlinguisticsasanindependentbranchofscience.Buthisbasictheory,hisobservation,andhisdescriptivemethodspavedthewayforAmericandescriptivelinguisticsandinfluencedgenerationsoflinguists. Boas,Sapir’sideaonlanguageandthoughtwaslaterdevelopedbyhisstudent,B.L.Whorf(1897-1941),andisknownastheSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Sapirholdsthattheassociationofspeechandmeaningisarelationthatmaybe,butneednottobe,presentindiscussingtherelationsbetweenspeechandmeaning.Healsonoticedtheuniversalfeature