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语言学Chapter5Semantics.ppt

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5.1DefinitionofSemantics 5.2ApproachestoMeaning 5.3WordMeaning 5.4SentenceMeaningLeech,G.1983.Semantics.Harmondsworth:Penguin Ogden,C.K&Richards,I.A.1923.TheMeaningofMeaning.London:Routledge&KeganPaul《语义学》Semantics----thestudyoflanguagemeaning.p338 Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication. Whatismeaning?----Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning. Philosophers—investigatedtherelationbetweenlinguisticexpressions. Linguists—investigatedthewayinwhichmeaninginalanguageisstructuredandhavedistinguishedbetweendifferenttypesofmeaning. 5.2.1Meaningasnaming(Plato) 5.2.2Meaningasconcept 5.2.3Meaningasbehavior 5.2.4Meaningascontext(Bloomfield) 5.2.5Meaningastruthconditions Canyoutellhowmanymeaningsdoes‘mean’have? P104-105Themeaningofanexpressioniswhatitrefersto,ornames,isoftencalledreferentialtheory(指称理论)ornamingtheory(命名理论). Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings. Limitations: 1)Applicabletonounsonly. 2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,… 3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred… Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind. OgdenandRichards:semantictriangleThesymbolorformreferstothelinguisticelements(wordsandphrases); Thereferentreferstotheobjectintheworldofexperience; Thoughtorreferencereferstoconcept. Thesymbolorawordsignifiesthingsbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeaker;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword. “语义三角”说，词和所指事物之间没有直接联系，而是以概念作为中介。（胡，2002:127）L.Bloomfield Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”. thestoryofJackandJill JillJack S_________r--------s_________RMeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwith