新托福TPO 5综合写作详细解析(五).docx

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新托福TPO5综合写作详细解析（五）
摘要：新托福TPO5综合写作详细解析阅读材料：AsearlyasthetwelfthcenturyA.D.,thesettlementsofChacoCanyoninNewMexicointheAmericanSouthwestwerenotablefortheir“greathouses,”massivestonebuildingsthatcontainhundredsofroomsandoftenstandthreeorfourstorieshigh.Archaeologistshavebeentryingtodeterminehowthebuildingswereused.Whilethereisstillnouniversallyagreeduponexplanation,therearethreecompetingtheories.早在12世纪，美国西南部墨西哥地区查科峡谷的居民就以他们的“巨屋”而闻名。这种石质材料建成的“巨屋”包好有数百个房间，而且通常有三到四层高。很多考古学家都试图解释这些建筑的用途。尽管业界尚未达成一致，但现在有三个比较有竞争力的理论。OnetheoryholdsthattheChacostructureswerepurelyresidential,witheachhousinghundredsofpeople.SupportersofthistheoryhaveinterpretedChacogreathousesasearlierversionsofthearchitectureseeninmorerecentSouthwestsocieties.Inparticular,theChacohousesappearstrikinglysimilartothelarge,well-known“apartmentbuildings”atTaos,NewMexico,inwhichmanypeoplehavebeenlivingforcenturies.一个理论认为这些巨屋是单纯用来居住的，每个可以容纳数百人。持有这种理论的人解释说查科巨屋同时间较近的一些西南族群早期建筑的雏形。尤其值得一提的是，查科的这些建筑同新墨西哥陶斯镇著名的“寓所式建筑”非常相似。这些寓所式建筑供很多人居住了数个世纪。AsecondtheorycontendsthattheChacostructureswereusedtostorefoodsupplies.OneofthemaincropsoftheChacopeoplewasgrainmaize,whichcouldbestoredforlongperiodsoftimewithoutspoilingandcouldserveaslong-lastingsupplyoffood.Thesuppliesofmaizehadtobestoredsomewhere,andthesizeofthegreathouseswouldmakethemverysuitableforthepurpose.第二个理论认为查科建筑是用来储存食物的。查科人的主食之一是玉米。玉米可以不宜变质，可长期储存，因此可以作为长期的食物来源。这些玉米一定是要储存在某个地方的。而巨屋的规模非常适合作为储存地。Athirdtheoryproposesthathouseswereusedasceremonialcenters.Closetoonehouse,calledPuebloAlto,archaeologistsidentifiedanenormousmoundformedbyapileofoldmaterial.Excavationsofthemoundrevealeddepositscontainingasurprisinglylargenumberofbrokenpots.ThisfindinghasbeeninterpretedasevidencethatpeoplegatheredatPuebloAltoforspecialceremonies.Attheceremonies,theyatefestivemealsandthendiscardedthepotsinwhichthemealshadbeenpreparedorserved.SuchceremonieshavebeendocumentedforotherNativeAmericancultures.第三个理论认为这些房屋是用来作祭司中心的。离一个巨屋不远的地方有个阿尔托村庄，考古学家在那里发现了一个由古代材料堆积成的山包。对