托福听力背景知识 考古年代的测定.docx

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托福听力背景知识考古年代的测定
摘要：下面是一篇关于考古年代的测定的TOEFL托福听力背景知识，这篇托福听力背景的主要内容是区分一下考古中的relativedating也就是相对年代测定和absolutedating也就是绝对年代测定的异同之处下面是一篇关于考古年代的测定的TOEFL托福听力背景知识，这篇托福听力背景的主要内容是区分一下考古中的relativedating也就是相对年代测定和absolutedating也就是绝对年代测定的异同之处，下面是详细内容。DatingMethodsinArchaeologyIfthereisonefundamentalissueonwhichmostarchaeologistscangenerallyagree,itistheimportanceofchronologyinstudyingthepast.Althoughoneofthemostimportantcontributionsthatarchaeologycanmakeisthestudyofculturesoverlongtimespans,controlofthetimedimensioniscrucialinalmostallkindsofarchaeologicalresearch.Instudyingthearchaeologicalrecord,thearchaeologistneedstodifferentiatethosematerialsthatarecontemporaryandthosethatreflectthepassageoftime.Giventheimportanceofestablishingthetemporalrelationshipsofarchaeologicalremains,itisnotsurprisingthatuntiltheintroductionofdatingtechniquesfromthephysicalsciences(e.g.,chemistryandnuclearphysics),issuesofchronologydominatedarchaeology.Archaeologistscannowaccessawidevarietyoftechniquestoestimatetheageofarchaeologicalremains,andcannowturntheirattentiontoissuesotherthanchronology.Thedatingmethodsusedbyarchaeologistsvaryconsiderablyinprecisionandthenatureofthematerialactuallydated.Agedeterminationsforarchaeologicalmaterialsmaybedirectorindirect.Directdatesarederivedfromtheactualartifact,featureorecofacttodeterminetheageofthematerial.Indirectdatesarebasedonmaterialassociatedwiththearchaeologicalitemofinterest.Forexample,ashinanancienthearthcanbedatedbytheradiocarbondatingmethod(discussedbelow)andothermaterial,suchaspottery,stonetools,andfragmentsofanimalboneassociatedwiththehearth,canthenbeindirectlyassignedthesameage.Thisassignment,however,assumesthatthereissufficientevidenceindicatingthatboththehearthandtheartifactsreflectthesamecontemporaneousevent,thusallowingtheextensionofthedirectdatetotheotherrelatedmaterial.Datesmayberelativeorabsoluteintheirscaleofmeasurement.Relativedatingsimplyordersremainsintoarankedchronologicalsequence,wheretheageofeachisre