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linux内核介绍.pdf

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Chapter1 IntroductionoftheLinux Kernel HistoryofUnix •thecreationofUnixin1969,DennisRitchieandKenThompson •UnixgrewoutofMultics,afailedmultiuseroperatingsystemproject inBellLab •ThompsonimplementedaPDP-7. •In1971,portedtoPDP-11 •In1973,rewritteninC •ThefirstUnixwidelyusedoutsideBellLabswasUnixSystem,Sixth Edition,calledV6. •OthercompaniesportedUnixtonewmachines.Accompanyingthese portswereenhancementsthatresultedinseveralvariantsofthe operatingsystem. •In1977,BellLabsreleasedacombinationofthesevariantsintoa singlesystem,UnixSystemIII; •In1982,AT&TreleasedSystemV.(IreadedMorrisBech'sbookin 1990) HistoryofUnix •Thesimplicitydesign,distributedsourcecode,ledtofurtherdevelopmentat externalorganizations. •UCBerkeleySoftwareDistributions,orBSD: –1BSDin1977,acollectionofpatchesandadditionalsoftwareontopofBell Labs’Unix. –2BSDin1978,addingthecshandviutilities –3BSD,ThefirststandaloneBerkeleyUnixin1979.virtualmemory(VM)added. –Aseriesof4BSDreleases,4.0BSD,4.1BSD,4.2BSD,4.3BSD,followed 3BSD.TheseversionsofUnixaddedjobcontrol,demandpaging,andTCP/IP. –In1994,theuniversityreleasedthefinalofficialBerkeleyUnix,featuringa rewrittenVMsubsystem,as4.4BSD. –TodaytheDarwin,FreeBSD,NetBSD,andOpenBSDsystems. •Inthe1980sand1990s,commercialversionsofUnixbasedonAT&Tor BSD,suchasDigital’sTru64,HewlettPackard’sHP-UX,IBM’sAIX, Sequent’sDYNIX/ptx,SGI’sIRIX,andSun’sSolaris&SunOS. CharacteristicsofUnix •Theoriginalelegantdesign,yearsofinnovationand evolutionaryhasresultedinapowerful,robust,and stableoperatingsystem. –Unixissimple:onlyhundredsofsystemcalls,straightforward, evenbasic,design. –Everythingisafile.Thissimplifiesthemanipulationofdataand devicesintoasetofcoresystemcalls:open(),read(),write(), lseek(),andclose(). –WritteninC.Amazingportabilitytodiversehardware architecturesandaccessibilitytoawiderangeofdevelopers. –Fastprocesscreationtimeandtheuniquefork()systemcall. –Simpleyetrobustinterprocesscommunication(IPC)primitives that,whencoupledwiththefastprocesscreationtime,enable thecreati