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国际多式联运与集装箱运输.docx

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4.国际多式联运与集装箱运输4.1TheNatureofIntermodalismCompetitionbetweenthemodeshastendedtoproduceatransportsystemthatissegmentedandun-integrated.Eachmodehassoughttoexploititsownadvantagesintermsofcostservicereliabilityandsafety.Carrierstrytoretainbusinessbymaximizingtheline-haulundertheircontrol.Allthemodessawtheothermodesascompetitorsandwereviewedwithsuspicionandmistrust.Thelackofintegrationbetweenthemodeswasalsoaccentuatedbypublicpolicythathasfrequentlybarredcompaniesfromowningfirmsinothermodes(asintheUnitedStatesbeforederegulation)orhasplacedamodeunderdirectstatemonopolycontrol(asinEurope).Modalismwasalsofavoredbecauseofthedifficultiesoftransferringgoodsfromonemodetoanothertherebyincurringadditionalterminalcostsanddelays.Intermodalismoriginatedinmaritimetransportationwiththedevelopmentofthecontainerinthelate1960'sandhassincespreadtointegrateothermodes.Itisnotsurprisingthatthemaritimesectorshouldhavebeenthefirstmodetopursuecontainerization.Itwasthemodemostconstrainedbythetimetakentoloadandunloadthevessels.Aconventionalbreakbulkcargoshipcouldspendasmuchtimeinaportasitdidatsea.Containerizationpermitsthemechanizedhandlingofcargoesofdiversetypesanddimensionsthatareplacedintoboxesofstandardsizes.Inthiswaygoodsthatmighthavetakendaystobeloadedorunloadedfromashipcannowbehandledinamatterofminutes.FirstContainershipIdeal-X1956OnApril26th1956theIdeal-XleftthePortofNewarkNewJerseytothePortHoustonTexaswhichitcalled5dayslater.Itcarried5835-feet(8feetwideby8feethigh)containersalongwitharegularloadof15000tonsofbulkpetroleum.The35feetunitrepresentedatthattimethestandardtrucksizeintheUnitedStates.ThisfirstcontainershipwasconvertedundertheinitiativeofMalcomMcLean(1914-2001)