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YouAreWhatYouThink Andifyouchangeyourmind---frompessimismtooptimism---youcanchangeyourlife ClaipeSafran 1Doyouseetheglassashalf-fullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichésarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking. 2Afast-growingbodyofresearch-104studiessofar,involvingsome15000people---isprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.“Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,”sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston,“itwouldbelikeinoculatingthenagainstthesementalills.” 3“Yourabilitiescount,”explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburgh,“butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.”Inpart,that’sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways. 4Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore. 5Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10-percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative. 6Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimist’ssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhis“explanatorystyle”.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.“I’mnogoodatthis,”hesays,“Ialwaysfail.”Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke. 7CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthe