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荷载、强度和结构安全.doc

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河北建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系别：土木工程系专业：土木工程专业班级：工043班姓名：臧海月学号：19外文出处：EnglishCivilEngineering（用外文写）附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。指导教师评语：签字：年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。外文原文Loads,Strength,andStructuralSafetyA.LoadsLoadsthatactonstructuresareusuallyclassifiedasdeadloadsorliveloads.Deadloadsarefixedinlocationandconstantinmagnitudethroughoutthelifeofthestructure.Usuallytheself-weightofastructureisthemostimportantpartofthedeadload.Thiscanbecalculatedclosely,basedonthedimensionsofthestructureandtheunitweightofthematerial.Concretedensityvariesfromabout90to120pcf(14to19kN/m3)forlightweightconcrete,andisabout145pcf(23kN/m3)fornormalconcrete.Incalculatingthedeadloadofstructuralconcrete,usuallya5pcf(1kN/m3)incrementisincludedwiththeweightoftheconcretetoaccountforthepresenceofthereinforcement.Liveloadsareloadssuchasoccupancy,snow,wind,ortrafficloads,orseismicforces.Theymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyinplace,ornotpresentatall.Theymayalsochangeinlocation.Althoughitistheresponsibilityoftheengineertocalculatedeadloads,liveloadsareusuallyspecifiedbylocal,regional,ornationalcodesandspecifications.TypicalsourcesarethepublicationsoftheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,theAmericanAssociationoftheStateHighwayandTransportationOfficialsand,forwendloads,therecommendationsoftheASCETaskCommitteeonWindForce.Specifiedliveloadsusuallyincludesomeallowanceforoverload,andmayincludedynamiceffects,explicitlyorimplicitly.Liveloadscanbecontrolledtosomeextentbymeasuressuchaspostingofmaximumloadsforfloorsorbridges,buttherecanbenocertaintythatsuchloadswillnotbeexceeded.Itisoftenimportanttodistinguishbetweenthespecifiedload,andwhatistermedthecharacteristicload,thatis,theloadthatactuallyisineffectundernormalconditionsofservice,whichmaybesignificantlyless.Inestimatingthelong-termdeflectionofastructure,forexample,itisthecharacteristicloadthatisimportant,notthespecifiedload.Thesumofthecalculateddeadloadandthespecifiedliveloadiscalledtheserviceload,becausethisisthemaximumloadwhichmayreasonablybeexpectedtoactduringtheservicelifeofthestructur