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家庭灰水回用指南.pdf

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TECHNICALMEMORANDUMonGRAYWATERpreparedby:JamesCrook,Ph.D.,P.E.EnvironmentalEngineeringConsultantBoston,Massachusettswithtechnicalreviewby:AlanE.Rimer,Ph.D.,P.E.Black&VeatchCary,NorthCarolinafor:BLACK&VEATCHonbehalfof:CleanWaterCoalitionSouthernNevadaWaterAuthority150N.StephanieStreet,Suite130100CityParkwayHenderson,Nevada89074LasVegas,Nevada8910613February2009ExecutiveSummaryWatersuppliesintheLasVegasValleyareaarebecominglimitedduetopotentialshortagesintheColoradoRivercombinedwithcontinuedpopulationgrowth,andlocalagenciesareinterestedinevaluatingadditionalmeansofincreasingtheirwaterportfolio.Theyrecognizethattheuseofgraywatermaybeapotentialsourceofdecreasingthedemandonpotablesuppliesandcommissionedthistechnicalmemorandumtosummarizeavailableinformationonwaterquality,healthconsiderations,regulatorystandards/guidelines,anduseofuntreatedgraywaterbyhomeownersforoutsideirrigationpurposes.Graywateriswastewaterwhichisnotexpectedtobegrosslycontaminatedbyfecesorurineandisgenerallydefinedasallwastewatergeneratedinahouseholdexcepttoiletwastes.Thiscouldincludewaterfrombathtubs,showers,kitchenandbathroomsinks,clotheswashingmachines,laundrytubs,anddishwashers;however,kitchensinksanddishwatersusuallyarenotincorporatedintograywaterflowduetohighorganiccontentthatmaycauseoxygendepletionandincreasedmicrobialactivityofthegraywaterandthepossibilitythatthewastewatermaycontainfoodbornepathogens.GraywateruseisincreasingintheUnitedStates,whereasmanyas7percentofhouseholdsreportsomeuseofgraywater;many,particularlyinruralareas,withoutobtainingregulatorypermitsorapproval.SomelargecitiessuchasLosAngeles,allowtheuseofgraywater,buttheextentofthepracticeinlargecitiesisnotwell-documentedintheliterature.Whilethemainreasonforimplementinggraywatersystemsistoreducetheoveralluseofpotablewater,atleastonestudydeterminedthathouseholdsthatimplementedgraywatersystemsforgardenirrigationactuallyincreasedtheirdomesticwaterconsumptionbyanaverageofmorethan45gallons/day.Untreatedgraywaterisusedforoutsideirrigationof