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Module4 Great Scientists Background reading 外研版必修4.doc

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用心爱心专心125号编辑1Module4GreatScientistsBackgroundreadingPartTwoTeachingResourcesSection1Backgroundreading1.cashcropInagricultureacashcropisacropwhichissoldformoney.Thetermisusedtodifferentiatefromsubsistencecropswhicharethosefedtotheproducer'sownlivestockorgrownasfoodfortheproducer'sfamily.2.hybridhybridtermappliedbyplantandanimalbreederstotheoffspringofacrossbetweentwodifferentsubspeciesorspeciesandbygeneticiststotheoffspringofparentsdifferinginanygeneticcharacteristic.3.cosmologyCosmologyisthestudyoftheuniverseinitstotalityandbyextensionman'splaceinit.ThoughthewordcosmologyisitselfoffairlyrecentoriginfirstusedinChristianWolff'sCosmologiaGeneralis(1730)thestudyoftheuniversehasalonghistoryinvolvingsciencephilosophyesotericismandreligion.4.CambridgeThecityofCambridgeisanoldEnglishUniversitytownandtheadministrativecenterofthecountyofCambridgeshire.Itliesapproximately50miles(80km)north-northeastofLondonandissurroundedbyanumberofsmallertownsandvillages.ItisalsoattheheartofSiliconFenwhichhasareputationastheleadinghigh-technologycenterofBritainandisoneofthemajorconstituentpartsoftheOxford-CambridgeArc.5.OxfordOxfordisacityandlocalgovernmentdistrictinOxfordshireEnglandwithapopulationof134248(2001census).ItishometotheUniversityofOxfordtheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld.6.relativityrelativityphysicaltheoryintroducedbyAlbertEinsteinthatdiscardstheconceptofabsolutemotionandinsteadtreatsonlyrelativemotionbetweentwosystemsorframesofreference.Oneconsequenceofthetheoryisthatspaceandtimearenolongerviewedasseparateindependententitiesbutratherareseentoformafour-dimensionalcontinuumcalledspace-time.7.ResearchfieldsofHawkingHawking’sprin